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Nome: -1_maxim_fast_kidneys_thing good
Quantidade de documentos: 3247
Metathesis is the figure that sends the thoughts of the judges toward past or future events, in this way: "Call your minds back to the spectacle of the defeated, wretched city, and imagine that you see the burning, the slaughter, the plundering, the pillage, the wounds on the bodies of children, the capture of wives, the butchering of elders."
Hence, although they may be dispensed through the Church of God by good or by bad ministers, nevertheless because the Holy Spirit mystically vivifies them - that Spirit that formerly in apostolic times would appear in visible works - these gifts are neither enlarged by the merits of good ministers nor diminished by the bad, for (I Corinthians 3:7), "neither he that planteth is any thing, nor he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase."
The mastruca is a Germanic garment made from the hides of wild animals, about which Cicero speaks in On Behalf of Scaurus (45): "He whom the royal purple did not disturb, was he moved by the mastruca of the Sardinians?" Mastruca is as if the word were monstruosus ("monstrous"), because those who wear them are transformed as if in the garb of wild animals.
Nome: 0_south_north_caspian_west
Quantidade de documentos: 295
It is located where Syria begins and touches Armenia in the east, Asia Minor in the west, and the Cimmerian Sea and the Themiscyrian plains, which belong to the Amazons, in the north; in the south it reaches the Taurus mountains, under which Ciliciaand Isauria stretch out to the Gulf of Cilicia, which faces the isle of Cyprus.
The third of the globe that is called Europe (Europa) begins with the river Tanais (i.e. the Don), passing to the west along the northern Ocean as far as the border of Spain, and its eastern and southern parts rise from the Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea) and are bordered the whole way by the Mediterranean and end in the islands of Gades (i.e. Cadiz).
In its northern region it is enclosed by the bordering Mediterranean and is bounded by the straits of Cadiz (i.e. Gibraltar), containing the provinces of Libya Cyrenensis, Pentapolis, Tripolis, Byzacium, Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania Sitifensis, Mauretania Tingitana, and Ethiopia under the burning sun.
Nome: 1_greeks greek_language greek_9sot_radix
Quantidade de documentos: 165
If a person were added to this, it would be a chreia (chria), thus: "Achilles offended Agamemnon by speaking the truth" or "Metrophanes earned the favor of Mithridates by flattering him."
If a person were added to this, it would be a chreia (chria), thus: "Achilles offended Agamemnon by speaking the truth" or "Metrophanes earned the favor of Mithridates by flattering him."
Thus 9sotç means "positing," and the term has combined a Greek with a Latin word, for the element 9?ç means "deposit" in Greek, and Latin supplies aurum ("gold"), so that the word thesaurus sounds like the combination 'gold deposit.'
Nome: 2_measure_meters_measures_weighs
Quantidade de documentos: 140
Furthermore, all the psalms of the Hebrews are known to have been composed in lyric meter; in the manner of the Roman Horace and the Greek Pindar they run now on iambic foot, now they resound in Alcaic, now they glitter in Sapphic measure, proceeding on trimeter or tetrameter feet.
Thus our ancestors divided the earth into parts, parts into provinces, provinces into regions, regions into locales, locales into territories, territories into fields, fields into hundred-measures, hundred-measures into jugers, jugers into lots sixty feet square, and then these lots into furrow-measures, Roman rods, paces, steps, cubits, feet, palms, inches, and fingers.
But strictly speaking a measure (mensura) is so named because with it fruits and grains are measured (metiri) - that is, by wet measures and dry ones, such as the modius (i.e. a Roman measure of corn), [the artaba (i.e. an Egyptian measure)], the urn, and the amphora.
Nome: 3_almighty_invisible_souls_61
Quantidade de documentos: 90
There are the Apellites (Apellita), of whom Apelles was the leader; he imagined that the creator was some sort of glorious angel of the supreme God, and claimed that this fiery being is the God of the Law of Israel, and said that Christ was not God in truth, but appeared as a human being in fantasy.
The Tertullianists (Tertullianista) are so called from Tertullian, a priest of the African province, of the city of Carthage; they preach that the soul is immortal, but corporeal, and they believe the souls of human sinners are turned into demons after death.
Just as with reference to physical bodies if things are arranged according to their weight, all heavier ones are lower, so with reference to the spirit, all the more grievous ones are lower; whence in the Greek language the origin of the term by which the underworld is called is said to echo 'what has nothing sweet' (i.e. taking the Greek (tm)A6?ç, "Hades, underworld," as from a +¡6áç, "not sweet").
Nome: 4_cloak_pilleum_pallium_pellis
Quantidade de documentos: 89
The panulia ("bobbin" or "shuttle"; cf. panuncula, "thread wound on a bobbin in a shuttle") is so named because cloths (pannus) are woven with them, for it runs back and forth through the loom.
The apex (i.e. a conical cap with a rod attached to its peak) isa needlework pilleum that pagan priests used to wear.
It is a band that goes around the edges of clothing, woven either of thread or of gold, and sewn onto the outside lower edge of the garment or cloak.
Nome: 5_constellations_stars_bow_arcus
Quantidade de documentos: 80
It is natural as long as it investigates the courses of the sun and the moon, or the specific positions of the stars according to the seasons; but it is a superstitious belief that the astrologers (mathematicus) follow when they practice augury by the stars, or when they associate the twelve signs of the zodiac with specific parts of the soul or body, or when they attempt to predict the nativities and characters of people by the motion of the stars.
But some people, enticed by the beauty and clarity of the constellations, have rushed headlong into error with respect to the stars, their minds blinded, so that they attempt to be able to foretell the results of things by means of harmful computations, which is called 'astrology' (mathesis).
Hence the pagans took the names of the days from these seven stars because they thought that they were affected by these stars in some matters, saying that they received their spirit from the sun, their body from the moon, their intelligence and speech from Mercury, their pleasure from Venus, their blood from Mars, their disposition from Jupiter, and their bodily humors from Saturn.
Nome: 6_italus_herod_caesarea_italia
Quantidade de documentos: 79
5. Lake Tiberius is named from the town Tiberias, which Herod at one time founded in honor of Tiberius Caesar, and it is more salubrious than all the other lakes in Judea, and more efficacious somehow at healing bodies.
Romulus - when he had restored his grandfather Numitor to his reign after Amulius had been killed at Alba - came down to the place where Rome now is and established a settlement there, built walls, and called the city Rome after his own name.
Caesar Augustus built Emerita (i.e. Merida) after he had seized the region of Lusitania and certain islands of the Ocean, giving it that name because there he stationed veteran soldiers - for veteran and retired soldiers are called emeriti.
Nome: 7_heresy_heresies_antichrist_catholic
Quantidade de documentos: 77
Heresy (haeresis) is so called in Greek from 'choice' (electio, cf. a¬p?±v, "choose"), doubtless because eachperson chooses (eligere) for himself that which seems best to him, as did the Peripatetic, Academic, Epicurean, and Stoic philosophers - or just as others who, pondering perverse teachings, have withdrawn from the Church by their own will.
The Luciferians (Luciferianus) originated from Lucifer, bishop of Syrmia (i.e. Sardinia); they condemn the Catholic bishops who, under the persecution of Constantius, consented to the faithlessness of the Arians and later, after this, repented and chose to return to the Catholic Church.
The Luciferians, proudly accepting this maternal love, but not willing to accept those who had repented, withdrew fromthe communion of the Church and they deserved to fall, along with their founder, a Lucifer indeed, who would rise in the morning (i.e. as if he were Lucifer, the morning star and a name for the devil).
Nome: 8_dye_purple_red earth_pigment
Quantidade de documentos: 74
It is called by another name, conchilium (also meaning "a purple dye"), because when it is cut round with a blade, it sheds tears of a purple color, with which things are dyed purple.
Usta (i.e. a red pigment), which is especially indispensable, is produced with no trouble, for if you heat a clump of good flinty stone in the fire, and quench it with very sour vinegar, a sponge drenched in it produces a purple color.
The reddened (russata) garment, which the Greeks call Phoenician and we call scarlet, was invented by the Lacedaemonians so as to conceal the blood with a similar color whenever someone was wounded in battle, lest their opponents' spirits rise at the sight.
Nome: 9_tribrach_indian_light weight_island chios
Quantidade de documentos: 67
The Indian type is spotted with little white and tawny markings, but the Ethiopian, which is considered superior, is not spotted at all but is black, smooth, and hard as horn.
The Indian takes many forms, but the Syrian is better: light in weight, golden, hairy, small of ear, very fragrant, resembling galingale.
It is white and light in weight, sweet, of pleasant scent; the Indian type is black and light like a hollow stalk, whereas the Syrian is heavy, colored like boxwood, bitter in odor - but the best is white, light in weight, dry, and fiery in taste.
Nome: 10_anointed_unction_according form_form slave
Quantidade de documentos: 67
The tip of a quill is split into two, while its unity is preserved in the integrity of its body, I believe for the sake of a mystery, in order that by the two tips may be signified the Old and New Testament, from which is pressed out the sacrament of the Word poured forth in the blood of the Passion.
The Holy Spirit is very clearly declared in the books of the Gospel to be the Finger (Digitus) of God, for when one Evangelist said (Luke 11:20), "I by the finger of God cast out devils," another said the same thing in this way (Matthew 12:28), "I by the Spirit of God cast out devils."
28. 'Interpreters of lots' (sortilegus) are those who profess the knowledge of divination under the name of a false religion, using what they call 'lots (sors, gen. sortis) of the saints,' or those who foretell the future by examining one passage of scripture or another.
Nome: 11_bird_eggs_owl bubo_season return
Quantidade de documentos: 63
The 'horned owl' (bubo) hasa name composed of the sound of its call; it is a wild bird, loaded with feathers, but always constrained by heavy sluggishness; it is active among tombs day and night, and always lingers in caves.
It is said that this bird does not fully provide food for the young it has produced until it recognizes in them a similarity to its own color through the blackness of their feathers, but after it sees that they are horrible of plumage it nourishes them more abundantly, as completely acknowledged offspring.
It is deceitful to the extent that it will steal and hatch the eggs of another, but this deceit is fruitless, for at last when the hatchlings hear the call of their true parent, through a kind of natural instinct they abandon the bird that has reared them and return to the one who conceived them.
Nome: 12_door_road_iter_entranceway
Quantidade de documentos: 62
People suppose that the name was given to it either because it was pronounced 'in pieces' (carptim), just as today we say that wool that the scourers tear in pieces is carded (carminare), or because they used to think that people who sang those poems had lost (carere) their minds.
Haruspices are so named as if the expression were 'observers (inspector) of the hours (hora)'; they watch over the days and hours for doing business and other works, and they attend to what a person ought to watch out for at any particular time.
i.56 above). 'Door panels' (foris) or leaves (valva) are also elements of a door, but the former are so called because they swing out (foras), the latter swing (revolvere) inward, and they can be folded double - but usage has generally corrupted those terms.
Nome: 13_evening_hours_evening star_sun earth
Quantidade de documentos: 61
5. Days (dies) are so called from 'the gods' (deus, ablative plural diis), whose names the Romans conferred upon certain astral bodies, for they named the first day from the sun, which is the chief of all the astral bodies, just as that day is head of all the days.
Night occurs either because the sun is wearied from its long journey, and when it has passed over to the last stretch of the sky, grows weak and breathes its last fires as it dwindles away, or because the sun is driven under the earth by the same force by which it carries its light over the earth, so that the shadow of the earth makes night.
For at that time lights are kindled and carried by them, not in order to put darkness to flight, since at the same time there is daylight, but in order to display a symbol of joy, so that under the figure of the physical candlelight that light may be displayed concerning which it is read in the Gospel (John 1:9), "That was the true light, which enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world."
Nome: 14_sail_boat_mast_ship
Quantidade de documentos: 60
On the open seas the ship carries this boat in its hold because of the high waves, but whenever it is near to port, the barge repays to the ship the service it accepted at sea.
21.A mioparo is named as if the term were minimus paro (i.e. 'smallest paro'), for it is a skiff built of wicker that provides a kind of vessel when it has been covered with a rough hide.
The anchor (anchora) is an iron spike taking its name viaa Greek etymology, because it grasps the rocks orsand like a person's hand, for the Greeks call the hand mUpa (i.e. y?(c)p, with an aspirated k sound), but 'anchor' has no aspiration among Greek speakers, for it is pronounced ?ymUpa.
Nome: 15_lupus_lynx_wolf_land animals
Quantidade de documentos: 59
And a wild goat is likewise a caprea (in classical Latin, a roe-deer), and an ibex (ibex), as if the word were avex, because they hold to the steep and lofty places as the birds (avis) do, and inhabit the heights, so that from these heights they are scarcely (vix) visible to human gaze.
5. Based on a similarity to land animals, such as 'frogs' (i.e. "frog-fish," and so for the rest) and 'calves' and 'lions' and 'blackbirds' and 'peacocks,' colored with various hues on the neck and back, and 'thrushes,' mottled with white, and other fish that took for themselves the names of land animals according to their appearance.
Pliny (Natural History 32.142) says there are 144 names for all the animals living in the waters, divided into these kinds: whales, snakes common to land and water, crabs, shellfish, lobsters, mussels, octopuses, sole, Spanish mackerel (lacertus), squid, and the like.
Nome: 16_leah_reuben_recompense_nahum
Quantidade de documentos: 58
The name Zerubbabel is said to have been composed in Hebrew from three whole words: zo, "that," ro, "master," babel, properly "Babylonian"; and the name is compounded Zorobabel, "that master from Babylon," for he was born in Babylon, where he flourished as prince of the Jewish people.
Nahum, "the groaning one" or "the consoler," for he cries out against the "city of blood" (Nahum 3:1), and after its overthrow he consoles Zion, saying (Nahum 1:15), "Behold upon the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, and that preacheth peace."
Zechariah, "memory of the Lord," for at the end of the seventieth year after the destruction of the Temple was finished, while Zechariah was preaching, the Lord remembered his people, and by the command of Darius the people of God returned, and both the city and the Temple were rebuilt.
Nome: 17_loan_compensation_supplicium_punishment
Quantidade de documentos: 57
Under extraneous: concession (concessio), setting aside the charge (remotio criminis), retorting to the charge (relatio criminis), compensation (compensatio).
We have ourselves commended this in the case of penitents. 'Setting aside the charge' (remotio) occurs when a defendant makes every effort to displace onto some other person a crime caused by himself and his own fault.
Momentum is so called from shortness of time, requiring that the loan be returned as soon as the transaction is secured, and that there should be no delay in the recovery of the debt; just as a moment (momentum) possesses no space - its point in time is so short that it has no duration of any kind.
Nome: 18_apostles_paul_apostle says_says corinthians
Quantidade de documentos: 56
There were also other translators who translated the sacred writings from Hebrew into Greek, such as Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, and also that common (vulgaris) translation (i.e. the early Latin translation called Itala or Vetus Latina), whose authorship is not evident - for this reason the work is designated the Fifth Edition (Quinta Editio) without the name of the translator.
It is not permitted for Greek, Latin, or barbarian speakers to translate these two words, alleluia and amen, wholly into their own language, or to pronounce them in any other language, for although they can be translated, the antiquity of their own language has been preserved in them from apostolic times because of their especially sacred authority.
Just as in Greek ?yy?2oç means "messenger" (nuntius) in Latin, so 'one who is sent' is called an 'apostle' in Greek (i.e. ?póoto2oç), for Christ sent them to spread the gospel through the whole world, so that certain ones would penetrate Persia and India teaching the nations and working great and incredible miracles in the name of Christ, in order that, from those corroborating signs and prodigies, people might believe inwhat the Apostles were saying and had seen.
Nome: 19_syllable_acute_circumflex_vowels
Quantidade de documentos: 56
The acute (acutus) accent is so called because it sharpens (acuere) and raises the syllable; the grave (gravis, lit. "heavy") accent, because it depresses and lowers, for it is the opposite of the acute.
The grave accent is regarded as opposite to both of them, for it always lowers the syllable, while they raise it, as (Lucan, Civil War 1.15): Unde venit Titan, et nox ibi sidera condit.
Accents were invented either for the sake of distinguishing, as (Vergil, Aen. 8.83): Viridique in litore conspicitur sus (And a pig is seen on the green shore) so that you won't say ursus ("bear"); or for the sake of pronunciation, lest you pronounce meta as short and not as me¯ta, with its a lengthened; or because of an ambiguity which must be resolved, as ergo.
Nome: 20_gignere ppl_gignere_ppl genitus_gnatus
Quantidade de documentos: 54
Genethliaci are so called on account of their examinations of nativities, for they describe the nativities (genesis) of people according to the twelve signs of the heavens, and attempt to predict the characters, actions, and circumstances of people by the course of the stars at their birth, that is, who was born under what star, or what outcome of life the person who is born would have.
These are words that appear to be derived from the word for family (gens): genitor, genetrix, agnatus, agnata, cognatus, cognata, progenitor, progenitrix, germanus, germana.
193. 'Prodigal' (nepos), so called from a certain kind of scorpion (i.e. nepa) that consumes its offspring except for the one that has settled on its back; for in turn the very one that has been saved consumes the parent; hence people who consume the property of their parents with riotous living are called prodigals.
Nome: 21_weary_scelerosus_sceleratus_weary fessus
Quantidade de documentos: 53
Burdened (honerosus, i.e. onerosus, in classical Latin "burdensome") is more than honeratus ("burdened"), just as scelerosus ("vicious") is more than sceleratus ("tainted with wickedness").
Assiduous (studiosus).. .] 'Minutely thorough' (scrupulosus), "of a finely discriminating and rigorous mind," for a scrupo (i.e. scrupus, "jagged stone") is a rather hard grain of sand.
Scelerosus, "full of wickedness (scelus, gen. sceleris)" - like a place that is 'full of stones' (lapidosus) or 'full of sand' (arenosus) - for a scelerosus person is worse than a sceleratus ("wicked") one.
Nome: 22_philosophy_philosophy called_logic_ethics
Quantidade de documentos: 52
There are three kinds of philosophy: one natural (naturalis), which in Greek is 'physics' (physica), in which one discusses the investigation of nature; a second moral (moralis), which is called 'ethics' (ethica) in Greek, in which moral behavior is treated; a third rational (rationalis), which is named with the Greek term 'logic' (logica), in which there is disputation concerning how in the causes of things and in moral behavior the truth itself may be investigated.
And indeed, divine eloquence (i.e. the Bible) likewise consists of these three branches of philosophy; it is likely to treat nature, as in Genesis and Ecclesiastes, or conduct, as in Proverbs and here and there in all the books, or logic - by virtue of which our (Christian) writers lay claim to the theory of interpretation (theoretica) for themselves, as in the Song of Songs and the Gospels.
Although earlier the ancient Greeks would quite boastfully name themselves sophists (sophista), that is, 'wise ones' or 'teachers of wisdom,' when Pythagoras was asked what he professed, he responded with a modest term, saying that he was a 'philosopher,' that is, a lover of wisdom - for to claim that one was wise seemed very arrogant.
Nome: 23_solomon_samuel_prophets_amos
Quantidade de documentos: 52
The second is Sophtim, which is Judges; third Samuel, which is First Kings; fourth Malachim, which is Second Kings; fifth Isaiah; sixth Jeremiah; seventh Ezekiel; eighth Thereazar, which is called the Twelve Prophets, whose books are taken as one because they have been joined together since they are short.
Some say Moses wrote the book of Job, others say one of the prophets, and some even consider that Job himself, after the calamity he suffered, was the writer, thinking that the man who underwent the struggles of spiritual combat might himself narrate the victories he procured.
Daniel, "judgment of God," either because in his judgment of the elders he delivered a judgment based on divinely inspired consideration when he freed Susanna from destruction by uncovering their falsity, or because, discerning with shrewd intelligence, he disclosed visions and dreams in which the future was revealed by certain details and riddles.
Nome: 24_argument_arguments_comparison_cf argument
Quantidade de documentos: 51
positus) first in the degrees of comparison, as 'learned' (doctus). 'Comparative' (comparativus) is so named because when compared (comparatus) with the positive it surpasses it, as 'more learned' (doctior) - for he knows more than someone who is merely learned. 'Superlative' (superlativus) is so called because it completely surpasses (superferre, ppl.
Then from state of 'appeal to the law' (legalis) these types emerge, that is: 'written law and its intention' (scriptum et voluntas), contradictory laws (leges contrariae), ambiguity (ambiguitas), inference or logical reasoning (collectio sive ratiocinatio), and legal definition (definitio).
This class of arguments is divided into five types: first, 'by the character' (ex persona); second, 'by the authority of nature' (ex naturae auctoritate); third, 'by the circumstances of the authorities' (ex temporibus auctoritatum); fourth, 'from the sayings and deeds of ancestors' (ex dictis factisque maiorum); fifth, 'by torture' (ex tormentis).
Nome: 25_angels_archangels_orders_principalities
Quantidade de documentos: 51
4. Holy Scripture witnesses moreover that there are nine orders of angels, that is Angels, Archangels, Thrones, Dominations, Virtues, Principalities, Powers, Cherubim, and Seraphim (angelus, archangelus, thronus, dominatio, virtus, principatus, potestas, cherub, seraph).
This is surely the saying of one who is showing that after the Fall of the bad angels those who were steadfast strove for the firmness (firmitas) of eternal perseverance; diverted by no lapse, falling in no pride, but firmly (firmiter) holding steady in the love and contemplation of God, they consider nothing sweet except him by whom they were created.
4. Also the Cherubim, that is, a garrison of angels, have been drawn up above the flaming sword to prevent evil spirits from approaching, so that the flames drive off human beings, and angels drive off the wicked angels, in order that access to Paradise may not lie open either to flesh or to spirits that have transgressed.
Nome: 26_lord god_gabriel_language means_god means
Quantidade de documentos: 51
He called the second book Coheleth, which in Greek means Ecclesiastes, in Latin 'The Preacher' (Contionator), because his speech is not directed specifically to one person, as in Proverbs, but generally to everyone, teaching that all the things that we see in the world are fleeting and brief, and for this reason are very little to be desired.
Jezebel, "flux of blood," or "she who streams with blood"; but better, "where is the dung-heap" - for when she was hurled down headlong, dogs devoured her flesh, as Elijah had predicted (IV Kings 9:37 Vulgate): he said, "And the flesh of Jezebel shall be as dung upon the face of the earth."
Jeduthun, "he who leaps across those" or "he who jumps those," for this person called 'the leaper across' leapt by his singing across certain people who were cleaving to the ground, bent down to the earth, thinking about things that are at the lowest depths, and putting their hope in transient things.
Nome: 27_extra_exile_terra_indigenous
Quantidade de documentos: 50
There is this difference between a tenant and a 'resident alien' (advena): tenants are people who emigrate, and do not remain permanently, whereas we speak of resident aliens or immigrants (incola) as coming from abroad but settling permanently - hence the term incola, for those who are now inhabitants, from the word 'reside' (incolere).
Banished (extorris), because one is 'outside his own land' (extra terram suam), as if the term were exterris - but properly speaking one is banished when driven out by force and ejected from his native soil with terror (terror).
Logic supplies the earth's diverse names, for the word terra is derived from the upper surface that is worn away (terere); soil (humus) from the lower, or moist (humidus) earth, like that under the sea; ground (tellus), because we carry away (tollere) what it produces; as such it is also called Ops (i.e. the earth-goddess of plenty) because it produces wealth (ops) from its crops; and also 'arable land' (arvum), from plowing (arare) and cultivating.
Nome: 28_aen vergil_says aen_vergil says_aen
Quantidade de documentos: 50
But Vergil moderates this well, when he uses this figure not through the entire verse, like Ennius, but sometimes only at the beginning of a verse, as in this (Aen. 1.295): Saeva sedens super arma (Sitting over his savage weapons), and at other times at the end, as (Aen. 3.183): Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat (Cassandra alone foretold to me such calamities).
Vergil, Aen. 2.348): Iuvenes, fortissima frustra pectora, si vobis audendi extrema cupido est certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis.
In fact, Proba, wife of Adelphus, copied a very full cento from Vergil on the creation of the world and the Gospels (i.e. Cento Probae), with its subject matter composed in accordance with Vergil's verses, and the verses fitted together in accordance with her subject matter.
Nome: 29_snake_snakes_spine_asp
Quantidade de documentos: 49
The 'sacred spine' (spina sacra) is the lowest part of the spinal column; the Greeks call it ¬?pòv òotouv, because it is the first bone which is formed when a child is conceived, and for this reason it was the first part of a sacrificial animal that would be offered by the pagans to their gods - whence it is called 'sacred spine.'
The tracks left by snakes are such that, although they are seen to lack feet, they nevertheless crawl on their ribs with forward thrusts of their scales, which are spread evenly from the highest part of the neck to the lowest part of the belly.
Hence if a snake is crushed by some blow to any part of the body, from the belly to the head, it is unable to make its way, having been crippled, because wherever the blow strikes it breaks the spine, which activates the 'feet' of the ribs and the motion of the body.
Nome: 30_vulgate_psalm_verse cf_bridegroom shall
Quantidade de documentos: 49
pómpU??oç, "hidden"), because they have come into doubt; their origin is hidden and is not evident to the Church Fathers, from whom the authority of the true scriptures has come down to us by a very sure and well-known succession.
For instance (Psalm 98:1 Vulgate), "He that sitteth on the cherubims" is said with reference to position; and (Psalm 103:6 Vulgate) "The deep like a garment is its clothing," referring to vesture; and (Psalm 101:28 Vulgate) "Thy years shall not fail," which pertains to time; and (Psalm 138:8 Vulgate) "If I ascend into heaven, thou art there," referring to place.
The fifth kind is a voice from heaven, like that which sounded to Abraham saying (Genesis 22:12), "Lay not thy hand upon the boy," and to Saul on the road (Acts 9:4), "Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?"
Nome: 31_thebes_berenice_ptolomais_thessalus
Quantidade de documentos: 49
5. 'Pentapolis' inthe Greek tongue is so called after its 'five cities' (cf. psvt?, "five"; pó2tç, "city"), namely Berenice, Ceutria, Apollonia, Ptolomais, and Cyrene; of these Ptolomais and Berenice were named after their rulers.
Cadmus founded Egyptian Thebes, which is held to be quite famous among Egyptian cities for the number of its gates; Arab people transport articles of commerce to it from everywhere.
Achaea was built by Achaeus; Pelops, who ruled among the Argives, founded the city of Peloponnensis; Cecrops built Rhodes on the island of Rhodes; Carpathus built Cos; Aeos, son of Typhon, built Paphos; Angeus, son of Lycurgus, built Samos; Dardanus founded Dardania.
Nome: 32_years_15 years_justinus_artaxerxes 40
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4773 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
4792 Darius, [also named Nothus] 19 years.
4832 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
Nome: 33_intestines_bones_jejunum_gut
Quantidade de documentos: 47
We say shoulder (humerus, i.e. umerus), as if the word were the 'forequarter of an animal' (armus), to distinguish humans from mute animals, so that we say human beings have shoulders, whereas animals have forequarters, for forequarters in the proper sense belong to quadrupeds.
The spine (spina, also meaning "thorn") is the backbone (iunctura dorsi, "linkage of the back"), so called because it has sharp spurs; its joints are called vertebrae (spondilium) on account of the part of the brain (i.e. the spinal cord) that is carried through them via a long duct to the other parts of the body.
The intestines (intestina; cf. intestinus, "inward") are so called because they are confined in the interior (interior) part of the body; they are arranged in long coils like circles, so that they may digest the food they take in little by little, and not be obstructed by added food.
Nome: 34_couch_bacchus_vaults_baculus
Quantidade de documentos: 46
The vaults (convexum) are the edges of the sky, named from their curvature, for a convex (convexus) thing is curved and inclined and bent in the manner of a circle.
A shed (tugurium) is a little house that vineyard-keepers make for themselves as a covering (tegimen), as if the word were tegurium, either for avoiding the heat of the sun and deflecting its rays, or so that from there the keeper may drive away either the people or the animals that would lie in wait for the immature fruit.
A case (teca, i.e. theca), so named because it covers (tegere) whatever is held in it, with the letter c put for g. Others claim that theca is from a Greek word (cf. 9?m?, "chest"), because something is stored there - whence a storage place for books is called a bibliotheca.
Nome: 35_masculine_feminine_gender_neuter
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For example, funiculus ("small rope," with an obviously masculine ending) shows that funis ("rope") is masculine, just as marmusculum ("small block of marble," with an obviously neuter ending) shows that marmor ("marble") is of neuter gender.
Some parts in our body were created solely for reasons of usefulness, as for instance the viscera; some for usefulness and ornament, like the sense organs in the face, and the hands and feet in the body, limbs that are both of great usefulness and most pleasing form.
Some are there to allow us to tell the difference between the sexes, as for instance the genitals, the grownbeard, and the wide chest in men; in women the smooth cheeks and the narrow chest; although, in order to conceive and carry a fetus, they have wide loins and sides.
Nome: 36_poets_poems_poem_poet
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21.A work consisting of many books is called a poesis by its Greek name; a poem (poema) is a work of one book, an idyll (idyllion), a work of few verses, a distich (distichon) of two verses, and a monostich (monostichon) of one verse.
The grammarians are accustomed to call those poems 'centos' (cento) which piece together their own particular work in a patchwork (centonarius) manner from poems of Homer and Vergil, making a single poem out of many scattered passages previously composed, based on the possibilities offered by each source.
Whence poets (poeta) are so called, thus says Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, On Poets 2) "When people first began to possess a rational way of life, having shaken off their wildness, and to come to know themselves and their gods, they devised for themselves a humble culture and the speech required for their ideas, and devised a greater expression of both for the worship of their gods.
Nome: 37_dinner_dining_banquet_edere
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It was formerly called ador from 'eating' (edere), because it was what people first used, or because in a sacrifice bread of that kind was offered 'at altars' (ad aras) - whence furthermore sacrifices are called adorea (i.e. an honorary gift of grain).
5. 'Sumptuous meals' (epulae) are so called from the opulence (opulentia) of things. 'Ordinary meals' (epulae simplices) are divided into two necessary elements, bread and wine, and two categories beyond these, namely, what people seek out for eating from the land and from the sea.
Hence also merenda (see ii.12 above), because in ancient times that was the time at which plain (merus) bread would be given to laboring servants - or, because at that time of day people 'took a siesta' (meridiare) alone and separately, not, that is, as at lunch and dinner, gathered at one table.
Nome: 38_femina_mulier_woman mulier_thighs femur
Quantidade de documentos: 42
As I was saying, woman (mulier) is named for her feminine sex, not for a corruption of her innocence, and this is according to the word of Sacred Scripture, for Eve was called woman as soon as she was made from the side of her man, when she had not yet had any contact with a man, as is said in the Bible (cf. Gen. 2:22): "And he formed her into a woman (mulier)."
She who is nowadays called a woman (femina) in ancient times was called vira; just as 'female slave' (serva) was derived from 'male slave' (servus) and 'female servant' (famula) from 'male servant' (famulus), so also woman (vira) from man (vir).
The word 'woman' (femina) is derived from the parts of the thighs (femur, plural femora or femina) where the appearance of the sex distinguishes her from a man.
Nome: 39_foot_footprints_soles_feet pes
Quantidade de documentos: 42
In each foot there occurs an arsis (arsis) and a thesis (thesis), that is, a raising and lowering of the voice - for the feet would not be able to follow a road unless they were alternately raised and lowered.
But anything that sustains something is called a solum, as if it were derived from 'solid ground' (solidum); whence the ground is also called 'soil' (solum), because it sustains everything; and the sole of the foot is so called, because it carries the entire weight of the body.
A 'mountain path' (clivosum) is a winding road. 'Footprints' (vestigium) are the traces of the feet imprinted by the soles of those who went first, so called because by means of them the paths of those who have gone before are traced (investigare), that is, recognized.
Nome: 40_wine_water mixed_drunkenness_minium
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The wine that is poured out as a libation and offered at an altar is called infertus. 'Polluted' (spurcus) is wine that may not be offered, or in which water is mingled, as if it were 'bastardized' (spurius), that is, unclean.
Although its name is Hebrew, it still has a Latin sound because it is made from the juice (sucus) of grain or fruits, or the fruit of palms is squeezed to a pulp; and the liquid, thick with the cooked produce, like juice, is strained, and the resulting drink is named sicera.
The liquid from liquamen is called salsugo or muria, but properly muria (i.e. "brine") is the name for water mixed with salt, to produce the taste of the sea (mare).
Nome: 41_milo_defense milo_cicero defense_cicero
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12.903): Sed neque currentem, sed nec cognoscit euntem, tollentemque manu saxumque inmane moventem (But he does not know (himself) while running or walking, and lifting and moving the huge rock with his hand).
The convincing is that which convinces by manifest reason, as Cicero did in his Defense of Milo (79): "Therefore you are sitting as avengers of the death of a man whose life you would not be willing to restore, even if you thought you could."
When these are set in opposition they make for beauty of expression, and among the ornaments of speech they remain the most lovely, as Cicero (Catiline Oration 2.25): "On this side shame does battle; on that, impudence; here modesty, there debauchery; here faith, there deceit; here piety, there wickedness; here steadiness, there rage; here decency, there foulness; here restraint, there lust; here in short equity, temperance, courage, wisdom, all the virtues struggle with iniquity, dissipation, cowardice, foolhardiness - with all the vices.
Nome: 42_lamp_gives light_lux_light lux
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A grove (lucus) is a place enclosed by dense trees that keep light (lux, gen. lucis) from reaching the ground.
It is called 'carbuncle' because it is fiery, like a coal (carbo), and its gleam is not overcome by the night, for it gives so much light in the darkness that it casts its flames up to the eye.
7.A 'sacred grove' (lucus) is a dense thicket of trees that lets no light come to the ground, named by way of antiphrasis because it 'sheds no light' (non lucere).
Nome: 43_expanses land_names changed_like assyrians_origin names
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But partly, through the passage of time, they have been so altered that the most learned people, poring over the oldest historical works, have not been able to find the origin of all nations from among these forebears, but only of some, and these with difficulty.
As is the case for these nations, so for others the names have changed over the centuries in accordance with their kings, or their locations, or their customs, or for whatever other reasons, so that the primal origin of their names from the passage of time is no longer evident.
It is the same with areas (locus); for in the 'globe of lands' (orbis terrarum) areas and expanses of land contain in themselves many provinces; just as in the body an area is a single part, containing many members; and just as a house has many rooms in it.
Nome: 44_lucan_civil war_lucan civil_lucan says
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Ambrose makes mention of this in a comparison of it with heresies, saying (On Faith 1.4): "For heresy, like a certain hydra in the fables, grew from its own wounds, and as often as it would be cut down, it spread; it should be fed to the fire and will perish in a conflagration."
Lucan recalls this, saying (Civil War 1.7): Standards (against standards), eagles matching eagles, and javelins threatening javelins.
Of these, Lucan (Civil War 1.7): Standards (against standards), eagles matching eagles, and javelins (pila) threatening javelins.
Nome: 45_secare_sowing_seed semen_2299 sow
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Switches (virga) are the tips of branches and trees, so called because they are green (viridis), or because they possess the power of persuading (vis arguendi); if it is smooth, it is a switch, but if it is knotty and has points, it is correctly called by the term scorpio (lit. "scorpion"), because it is driven into the body leaving a curved wound.
A man's seed is a froth of blood that looks like water dashed against cliffs and making a white froth, or like dark wine that makes a whitish foam when shaken in a cup.
Hoeing is done after the planting, when farmers after unyoking the oxen split the large clods and break them apart with hoes, and it is called hoeing (occatio) as if it were 'blinding' (occaecatio), because it covers the seeds.
Nome: 46_candelabrum_ropes funis_candle_prongs
Quantidade de documentos: 40
Cudgels (fustis) are used to beat young men for their crimes; they are so named because they may stand fixed in ditches (fossa); country people call them 'stakes.'
In short, there was a shrine of Venus in a certain temple precinct, and there was a candelabrum there with a lamp upon it burning in the open air in such a way that no storm or tempest could extinguish it.
The ancients had chandeliers (funale candelabrum) with hooked prongs sticking out, to which were attached cords daubed with wax or a material of the kind that would feed the light.
Nome: 47_prae_praetor_praeesse_term prince
Quantidade de documentos: 40
2.A prognostic (prognosticon) is a treatise on the foreseeing of the progression of diseases, so called from 'foreknowing' (praenoscere), for a physician should recognize the past, know the present, and foresee the future.
Moreover, the term 'prince' derives from the sense of 'taking,' because he 'first takes' (primus capit), just as one speaks of a 'citizen of a municipality' (municeps) because he 'takes office' (munia capit).
The same person is called a copyist (exceptor), and a 'public scribe' (scriba publicus), because he writes down (scribere) only those things that are published (publicare) in the records of transactions.
Nome: 48_tail_mspata_tetanus_great force
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People say that this is a clever fish, for when it is enclosed in a wicker trap, it does not break through with its brow or thrust its head through the opposing twigs, but, turning around, with repeated blows of its tail it widens an opening and so goes out backwards.
It is reported that this boy had such genius that, when he sought a quick way to divide wood, he copied the spine of a fish, sharpening a strip of iron and arming it with the biting power of teeth.
A very harsh type of bit is the 'wolftoothed' (lupatus), so called from having uneven teeth like wolves' (lupinus) teeth; consequently its 'bite' is a powerful curb.
Nome: 49_buried_corpus_mors_death mors
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20. 'Epitaph' (epitaphium) in Greek is translated in Latin as "over the grave" (supra tumulum), for it is an inscription about the dead, which is made over the repose of those who are now dead.
Moribund (moribundus), "like one dying (moriri)," just as vitabundus (in classical Latin, "avoiding") means "like one living" (cf. vita, "life").
Death (mors) is so called, because it is bitter (amarus), or by derivation from Mars, who is the author of death; [or else, death is derived from the bite (morsus) of the first human, because when he bit the fruit of the forbidden tree, he incurred death].
Nome: 50_parricide_fathers_pater_loins femur
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The etymologies of certain patriarchs ought to be noted, so that we may know what is reflected in their names, for many of them took their names from specific causes. 'Patriarchs' means "chiefs among the fathers" (patrum principes), for ?pyóç in Greek means 'chief' (princeps).
11. 'Enrolled fathers' (patres conscripti) were so called because when Romulus chose the ten curial districts of the senators he set down their names on golden tablets in the presence of the populace, and hence they were called enrolled fathers.
Parricide (parricida) is the proper word for someone who kills his own parent (parens), although some of the ancients called this a parenticida because the act of parricide can also be understood as the homicide (homicidium) of anybody, since one 'human being' (homo) is the equal (par) of another.
Nome: 51_herb_cf otv_dinamidia_herbal
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The quince (malum Cydonium) takes its name from a town on the island of Crete - in this regard, the Greeks would call Cydonia the mother of the Cretan cities - and from this fruit cydonitum (i.e. a preserve or medicinal ointment of quince) is made.
Nightshade (strychnos) is called the 'healing herb' (herba salutaris) in Latin, because it eases headache and acid stomach.
The cyme (cyma) is so called as if the word were coma ("hair"), for this term means the crown of vegetable plants or trees, in which is located the natural power to make plant life.
Nome: 52_cithara_strings_harmony_symphonia
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Different types of cithara belong to this division, and also drums, cymbals, rattles, and bronze and silver vessels, and others that when struck produce a sweet ringing sound from the hardness of their metal, as well as other instruments of this sort.
Strings (chorda) are so called from 'heart' (cor, gen. cordis) because the throbbing of the strings in the cithara is like the throbbing of the heart in the chest.
It has a characteristic shared with the foreign cithara, being in the shape of the letter delta; but there is this difference between the psaltery and the cithara, that the psaltery has the hollowed wooden box from which the sound resonates on its top side, so that the strings are struck from underneath and resonate from above, but the cithara has its wooden sound-box on the bottom.
Nome: 53_judge_judicial_iuris_lawfully
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It is called 'judicial' because it judges (iudicare) a man, and its decision shows whether a praiseworthy person may be worthy of a reward, or whether a person surely charged with a crime may be condemned or freed from punishment.
A 'temporary injuction' (interdictum) 'is pronounced for the time being' (interim dicitur) by the judge, not in perpetuity, but with the intention of changing the temporary order at the right time, when the conditions of the judgment are met.
The word 'judge' (iudex) is so called as if the word were 'telling the law' (ius dicere) to the people, or because he 'decides lawfully' (iure disceptare).
Nome: 54_samaria_canaanites_canaan_israel
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When the people of God came into Babylon, many of them abandoned their wives and took up with Babylonian women; but some were content with Israelite wives only, or they were born (genitus) from these, and when they returned from Babylon, they separated themselves from the population as a whole and claimed for themselves this boastful name.]
who were transported to that place, when Israel was captive and led off to Babylon, coming to the land of the region of Samaria, kept the customs of the Israelites in part, which they had learned from a priest who had been brought back, and in part they kept the pagan custom that they had possessed in the land of their birth.
Sennacherib, king of the Assyrians, built Samaria, from which the whole region that surrounded it took its name, and he called it 'Samaria,' that is, 'The Watch,' because when he delivered Israel into the hands of the Medes he set watchmen there.
Nome: 55_electrum_chrysocolla_gold cf_gleam
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Chrysoprase (chrysoprasus) is an Ethiopian stone; light conceals it, but darkness reveals it, for at night it is fiery, and golden during the day.
Gold (aurum) is named from 'gleam' (aura), that is, from its luster, because it gleams more when the air reflects it.
Whence Vergil says (Aen. 6.204): From which the contrasting gleam (aura) of gold (aurum) shone through the branches, that is, the luster of gold, for it is natural for the luster of metal to gleam more when it is reflected with another light.
Nome: 56_codes_codicil_transposed_signs nota
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There are also other small marks (i.e. signes de renvoi) made in books for drawing attention to things that are explained at the edges of the pages, so that when the reader finds a sign of this type in the margin he may know that it is an explanation of the same word or line that he finds with a similar mark lying above it when he turns back to the text.
Recent emperors have ordained that these legal signs be abolished from codes of law, because shrewd people were cleverly deceiving many ignorant people by means of these signs.
2. Caesar Augustus also said to his son: "Since innumerable things are constantly occurring about which we must write to each other, and which must be secret, let us have between us code-signs, if you will, such that, when something is to be written in code, we will replace each letter with the following letter in this way: b for a, c for b, and then the rest in the same way.
Nome: 57_milky_galactitis_white veins_glaucus
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Latin speakers call this 'rainbow-colored disease' (morbus arcuatus) from its resemblance to the rainbow (arcus)- but Varro says it is to be called aurigo (i.e. aurugo) after its gold (aurum) color.
The Milky Circle (lacteus circulus, i.e. the Milky Way) is the road seen in the sphere of the sky, named for its brightness, because it is white.
Galactites is ashy in color and pleasant to the taste; it is so named because when it is ground up it emits a milky substance (cf.
Nome: 58_urbs_vicus_towns_oppidum
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Some have said the word 'town' (oppidum) is from the 'opposing' (oppositio) of its walls; others, from its hoarding of wealth (ops), due to which it is fortified; others, because the community of those living in it gives mutual support (ops) against an enemy.
. Further, cities (civitas) are called 'colonial towns' (colonia), or 'free towns' (municipium), or hamlets, fortresses, or country villages.
Hamlets and fortresses and country villages are communities that are distinguished by none of the dignity of a city, but are inhabited by a common gathering of people, and because of their small size are tributary to the larger cities.
Nome: 59_40 years_40_29 years_years
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3795 Othniel, 40 years.
3915 Deborah, 40 years.
4346 Jehoash, 40 years.
Nome: 60_patv_patv patv_3344 keil_best known
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This pattern reworked into its contrary would be an effective confirmation (catasceva).
Seventh the commercial, because merchandise is wrapped in this type, since it is less suitable for writing.
Of these the best known and the biggest, which many of the ancients investigated with expert effort, should be noted.
Nome: 61_plautus says_raw_cadaver_plautus
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Indeed, the earlier age preferred that death occur by the sword, for the sword understands how to bring life to the finish with a quick death, without a more grievous torment.
Prudentius also spoke thus about Mercury (Against the Oration of Symmachus 1.90): It is told that he recalled perished souls to the light by the power of a wand that he held, but condemned others to death, and a little later he adds, For with a magic murmur you know how to summon faint shapes and enchant sepulchral ashes.
Others think that treaties are so called from a sow foully (foede) and cruelly slaughtered, the kind of death desired for anyone who may withdraw from a peace treaty.
Nome: 62_adulterated_oily_unmixed_saffron
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After having first been drenched with wine and blown on with bellows, it is burned until it turns red and is extinguished again with sweet wine three times in succession, so that it is useful for dying cloth.
People adulterate its sap with oil of the henna tree or honey mixed in, but it can be proved to be unmixed with honey if it coagulates with milk, and unmixed with oil if, when instilled or mixed in with water, it easily dissolves, and further if woolen clothing soiled with it is not stained.
But twigs of black grapevine, steeped in the best wine, produce the gleam of indigo after they dry out if you roast them dry and grind them up with added glue.
Nome: 63_gives birth_cubs_offspring_masters
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When they bear their cubs, the cub is said to sleep for three days and nights, and then after that the roaring or growling of the father, making the den shake, as it were, is said to wake the sleeping cub.
The reason for this characteristic is obvious, for when the cubs grow in their mother's womb and, as their powers mature, become strong enough to be born, they detest the delay in time so much that they tear with their claws at the laden womb since it is standing in the way of delivery.
The bear (ursus) is said to be so called because it shapes its offspring in its 'own mouth' (ore suo), as if the word were orsus, for people saythat it produces unshaped offspring, and gives birth to some kind of flesh that the mother forms into limbs by licking it.
Nome: 64_pronoun_definite_pronouns_hic
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Thus while we say centum ("hundred") and trecentos ("three hundred"), after that we say quadringentos ("four hundred"), putting G for C. Similarly there is a kinship between C and Q, for we write huiusce ("of this") with C and cuiusque ("of each") with a Q. The preposition cum ("with") should be written with a C, but if it is a conjunction ("while"), then it should be written with a Q, for we say quum lego ("while I speak").
Quid ("what") is written with a D when it is a pronoun, and with a T when it is the verb whose paradigm appears simply, as queo, quis, quit ("I can, you can, he/she/it can"), and in the compound nequeo, nequis, nequit ("I cannot, you cannot, he/she/it cannot").
Quod ("that") when it is a pronoun should be written with D, whena numeric term with T (i.e. quot, "as many"), because totidem ("just as many") is written with T. Quotidie ("daily") should be written with Q, not C (i.e. cotidie), since it is quot diebus ("on as many days").
Nome: 65_sacerdos_bishops_priest_levites
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3. doorkeeper (ostiarius), psalmist (psalmista), reader (lector), exorcist (exorcista), acolyte (acolythus), subdeacon (subdiaconus), deacon (diaconus), priest (presbyter), bishop (episcopus).
A priest (sacerdos) has a name compounded of Greek and Latin, as it were 'one who gives a holy thing' (sacrum dans), for as king (rex) is named from 'ruling' (regere), so priest from 'making sacrifice' (sacrificare) - for he consecrates (consecrare) and sanctifies (sanctificare).
Elders (presbyter) are also called priests (sacerdos), because they perform the sacraments (sacrum dare), as do bishops; but although they are priests (sacerdos) they do not have the highest honor of the pontificate, for they neither mark the brow with chrism nor give the Spirit, the Comforter, which a reading of the Acts of the Apostles shows may be done by bishops only.
Nome: 66_salt_salt sal_sal_extinguished oil
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Some people think that salt (sal) is so named because it springs out (exsilire) when cast into fire, for it flees the fire whenever it is set alight, but this is according to its nature, since fire and water are always hostile to each other.
Others think that salt is named from the ocean (salum) and the sun (sol), since it is generated spontaneously by seawater as foam deposited on the edges of the seashore or cliffs and evaporated by the sun.
Common salt crackles in fire; Tragasean salt does not crackle in fire or leap out; Agrigentian salt from Sicily, although enduring flame, leaps out of water, and, contrary to nature, flows when it is in the fire.
Nome: 67_sponsus_conjugal_betrothed_marriage
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sponsus), for before the use of matrimonial registers the betrothed sent each other written warranties in which they would pledge to each other that they consented to the laws of marriage, and they would provide guarantors.
However, conjugal partners are more truly so called from the initial pledge of their betrothal, even though conjugal relations are still unknown to them, as Mary is called the 'conjugal partner' of Joseph, but between them there neither was nor would be any commingling of the flesh.
Wives (uxor) are so called as though the word were unxior, for there was an ancient custom that, as soon as newlyweds would come to their husbands' threshold, before they entered they would decorate the door posts with woolen fillets and anoint (unguere, perfect unxi) them with oil.
Nome: 68_contraries_opposed_opposites_things opposed
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Polyptoton (polyptoton) occurs when a sentence is varied with different grammatical cases, as (Persius, Satires 3.84): Ex nihilo nihilum, ad nihilum nil posse reverti (Nothing from nothing, nothing can be returned to nothing) and (Persius, Satires 5.79): Marci Dama.
Antithesis (antitheton) occurs where opposites are placed against each other and bring beauty to the sentence, as this (Ovid, Met. 1.19): Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis: mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus (Cold things battled with hot ones, moist with dry, soft with hard, those having weight with the weightless).
Writers on the arts name it 'on the same and the different' (de eodem et de altero), as when one asks what is the difference between a 'king' and a 'tyrant'; when the differentia is applied, what each is, is defined; that is, "A king is measured and temperate, but a tyrant impious and harsh."
Nome: 69_caesars_venus_caesar_julius
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For the Romans, the title imperator was at first given only to those on whom supremacy in military affairs was settled, and therefore the imperatores were so called from 'commanding' (imperare) the army.
But although generals held command for a long time with the title of imperator, the senate decreed that this was the name of Augustus Caesar only, and he would be distinguished by this title from other 'kings' of nations.
Boeotia is so called for the following reason: when Cadmus, son of Agenor, searched under command of his father for his sister Europa, who had been seized by Jupiter, and he could not find her, he made up his mind to choose a place for exile, fearing the wrath of his father.
Nome: 70_saeculum_drop_spurius_olympiad
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The Epicureans (Epicureus) are so called from a certain philosopher Epicurus, a lover of vanity, not of wisdom, whom the philosophers themselves named 'the pig,' wallowing in carnal filth, as it were, and asserting that bodily pleasure is the highest good.
Again, the spurius son is born from an unknown father and from a widowed mother, as if he were the son of a spurium only - for the ancients termed the female generative organs spurium, as though the term derived from the term opópoç, that is, "seed" - and he has no name from his father.
Rascal (furcifer) was once the term for one who, because of a petty offense, was forced to 'carry a fork-shaped yoke' (furcam ferre) along the road, more to shame the man than as a cause of torment, and to announce his sin, and warn others not to sin in like manner.
Nome: 71_slips_labi_lips_named fastened
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Copious (laetus, lit. "happy"), from amplitude (latitudo). 'Rich in lands' (locuples), as if the term were 'full of estate property' (locis plenus) and the owner of many properties, as Cicero teaches in the Second Book of his Republic (16): "And with a great production of sheep and cattle, because then their business was in livestock and the possession of places (locus), for which reason they were called wealthy (pecuniosus) and 'rich in lands' (locuples)."
Some people think the ludix (i.e. lodix, "coverlet") is named from public games (ludus), that is, the theater, for when young men used to leave the brothel at the public games, they would conceal their heads and faces with these coverings, because someone who has entered a whorehouse is usually ashamed.
A baldric (balteum) is a military belt, so named because military insignia hang from it, showing the total number of men in the military legion, that is, 6600, of which number the soldiers themselves are a part.
Nome: 72_compared_compared contains_plus parts_example compared
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A number that is taken into account with respect to another number is one that is compared relative to the other number, as, for example, when 4 is compared to 2, it is called 'duplex' (duplex)
For example, when 8 is compared to 3, 8 contains within itself 3 two times, plus two other parts of
It is quite certain that numbers are 'without limit' (infinitus), since at whatever number you think the limit has been reached, that same number can be increased - not, I say, by the addition of only one, but however large it is, and however huge a number it contains, by reason and by the science of numbers it can be not only doubled, but even further multiplied.
Nome: 73_sky caelum_like engraved_caelum_sky called
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The philosophers have said that the sky (caelum, "sky, heaven, the heavens") is rounded, spinning, and burning; and the sky is called by its name because it has the figures of the constellations impressed into it, just like an engraved (caelare) vessel.
The sky (caelum) is so named because, like an engraved (caelatum) vessel, it has the lights of the stars pressed into it, just like engraved figures; for a vessel which glitters with figures that stand out is called caelatus.
That which is very fine, where winds and tempests cannot exist, makes up the celestial part, but that which is more turbulent, which takes on bodily substance with exhalations of moisture, is defined as earthy; it gives rise to many forms of itself.
Nome: 74_olive_wild olive_olives_oleum
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The crustumia olive is also called the volemis, so called because it fills the palm (vola), that is, the middle of the hand, with its large size; from this root we also have the word 'seize' (involare).
68. 'Olive oil' (oleum) is named from the olive tree (olea), for as I have already said, olea is the tree, from which is derived the word oleum.
All fruits in Latin are as a rule of feminine gender, with a few exceptions, such as the masculine oleaster ("wild olive") and neuter siler ("osier"); so Vergil (Geo.
Nome: 75_inviolable element_inviolable_burns vergil_burns
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For that reason the Romans forbade water and fire to certain condemned people - because air and water are free to all and given to everyone - so that the condemned might not enjoy what is given by nature to everyone.
For a kindled fire has this nature, that however many should behold it, however many should behold that mane of purple splendor, to that same number would it impart the sight of its light, and offer the ministry of its gift, and still it would persist in its integrity.
Gehennaisaplace of fire and sulphur that is believed to have been named from a valley, consecrated to idols, that is next to the city wall of Jerusalem, and which was once filled with the corpses of the dead - for there the Hebrews used to sacrifice their children to demons - and the place itself is called Gehennon.
Nome: 76_laws_library_pisistratus_called lex
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Then, when the population was no longer able to bear the factious magistrates, they brought the Decemvirs (lit. the "ten men") into being to write laws; these men set forth in the Twelve Tables the laws whichhad been translated fromthe books of Solon into the Latin language.
Under Caesar Augustus the suffect consuls Papius and Poppaeus introduced a law that is called 'Lex Papia Poppea' from their names; this law sets up rewards for fathers for begetting children.
Ptolemy in particular, known as Philadelphus, and very perceptive about all kinds of literature, collected for his library not only pagan authors, but even divine literature, because he emulated Pisistratus in his zeal for libraries.
Nome: 77_theft_illicit_furvus_adultery
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The judgment of incest (incestum) is made with regard to consecrated virgins or those who are closely related by blood, for those who have intercourse with such people are considered incestus, that is, 'unchaste' (incastus).
For, contrary to human modesty, it was their custom to copulate publicly with their wives, insisting that it is lawful and decent to lie openly with one's wife, because it is a lawful union; they preach that this should be done publicly in the streets or avenues like dogs.
The mole (furo) is named from 'dark' (furvus), whence also comes the word 'thief' (fur), for it digs dark and hidden tunnels and tosses out the prey that it finds.
Nome: 78_lake_pool_asphaltites_lake asphaltites
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The reason why the sea has no increase in its size, even though it receives all the rivers and springs, is partly because its own huge size is not affected by the waters flowing in; then again, it is because the bitter water consumes the fresh water flowing in; or because the clouds themselves draw up and absorb a great deal of water; or because the winds carry away part of the sea, and the sun dries up part; finally, because it is percolated through certain hidden openings in the earth, and runs back again to the source of springs and fountains.
3. Lake Asphalti (i.e. Lake Asphaltites) is the same as the Dead Sea, so named because it generates nothing living and tolerates no type of living creature, for it has no fish and does not allow itself to be used by birds that are accustomed to water and rejoice at diving.
Bitumen (bitumen) comes forth in the lake Asphaltites (i.e. the Dead Sea) in Judea; sailors in skiffs collect floating clumps of it as they draw near.
Nome: 79_grapes_grape_uva_aminean
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Although it has one name, it produces more than one type; the Aminean 'twin' (duae geminae) so called because it yields double grapes, and the Aminean 'woolly' (lanatus), because it has a woolly down, more so than others.
Faecinian grapes have tiny berries and tough skin; they trail Aminean grapes in quality and surpass them in fecundity.
Helvola grapes, which some call 'variegated,' are so called from their color, neither purple nor black but dun (helvus), although their must is whitish - for dun has dark and light in its color: it is neither light nor dark as such.
Nome: 80_melancholy_mania_bile_body greeks
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3. Frenzy (frenesis) is named either from an impediment of mind - for the Greeks call the mind ??psv?ç - or from the sufferers' gnashing their teeth, since frendere is grinding of teeth.
Mania (mania) is so called from insanity or madness, for the ancient Greeks used to call madness µavtm?, either because of their unbalanced state, which the Greeks called manie, or from divination, because µav?±v in Greek means "to divine."
In the strict sense lymphaticus is the word for one who contracts a disease from water, making him run about hither and thither, or from the disease gotten from a flow of water.
Nome: 81_disciplina_docilis_doctus_facilis
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dicere, "speak") grandly, but humbly, when he teaches; moderately, when he praises or chastises something; grandly, when he calls to conversion minds that are turned away.
Swift (celer) is so called from swiftness (celeritas), because such a one quickly does what needs to be done. 'Closely connected' (confinalis), because one is nearby (affinis) in family or in location.
Skillful (sollers), because one is engaged (sollicitus) 'ina craft' (ars) and adroit, for among the ancients one who was trained in every good craft would be called skillful.
Nome: 82_lowing_draws aurire_triflers_auditus
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Some nouns are called 'diminutive in sound' (sono diminutivus), because they sound like diminutive nouns, but are conceptually primary nouns, as 'table' (tabula), 'fable' (fabula).
Onomatopoeia (onomatopoeia) is a word fashioned to imitate the sound of jumbled noise as the stridor ("creaking") of hinges, the hinnitus ("whinnying") of horses, the mugitus ("lowing") of cows, the balatus ("bleating") of sheep.
191. 'Triflers' (nugas, i.e. nugae) is a Hebrew term, for so it is used in the prophets, where Zephaniah says (3:18): "The triflers (nugae; accusative nugas) that were departed from the law (I will gather together)" - so that we have reason to know that the Hebrew language is the mother of all languages.
Nome: 83_voices_tenor_windpipe_windpipe arteria
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A perfect (perfectus) voice is high, sweet, and distinct: high, so that it can reach the high range; distinct, so that it fills the ears; sweet, so that it soothes the spirits of the listeners.
Hoarseness (raucedo) is a loss of voice; it is also called arteriasis because it makes the voice hoarse and tight from damage to the windpipe (arteria).
The windpipe (arteria) is so called either because by its means air (aer), that is, breath, is conducted from the lungs, or else because it retains the vital breath in tight (artus) and narrow passageways, whence it emits the sounds of the voice.
Nome: 84_luke_matthew_matthew mark_evangelists
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In the New Testament there are two classes: first the Gospel (evangelicus) class, which contains Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, and second the Apostolic (apostolicus) class which contains Paul in fourteen epistles, Peter in two, John in three, James and Jude in single epistles, the Acts of the Apostles and the Apocalypse (i.e. Revelation) of John.
First Matthew wrote his Gospel in Hebrew characters and words in Judea, taking as his starting point for spreading the gospel (evangelizare) the human birth of Christ, saying (1:1): "The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" - meaning that Christ descended bodily from the seed of the patriarchs, as was foretold in the prophets through the Holy Spirit.
Luke the Evangelist is the writer of the Acts of the Apostles; in this work the infancy of the young Church is woven, and the history of the apostles is contained - whence it is called the Acts of the Apostles.
Nome: 85_stone conglomerated_conglomerated_precious stone_stone
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Cornerstone (Lapis angularis), because he joins two walls coming from different directions, that is from the circumcised and the uncircumcised, into the one fabric of the Church, or because he makes peace in himself for angels (angelus) and humans.
This stone also provides a most blatant example of the shamelessness of magicians, because they claim that someone carrying an herb blended with a heliotrope, once certain spells have been cast, cannot be seen.
5. Hexecontalithos is a multicolored stone of a small size, whence it has taken this name for itself, for it is sprinkled with such a variety of spots that the colors of sixty gemstones are contained in its small orb (cf. s(?movta, "sixty"; 2(c)9oç, "stone").
Nome: 86_magical_magic_hydromancy_arts
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There is nothing surprising about the trickery of the magicians, since their skills in magic advanced to such a point that they even countered Moses with very similar signs, turning staffs into serpents and water into blood.
4.487): She promises with her spells to soothe whichever minds she wishes, but to bring hard cares to others; to make the water of rivers stand still, to turn the stars back, and to raise night ghosts; you will see the earth groan underfoot, and wild mountain-ashes descend from the hills.
Hydromancers (hydromantius) are so called from water, for hydromancy is calling up the shades of demons by gazing into water, and watching their images or illusions, and hearing something from them, when they are said to consult the lower beings by use of blood.
Nome: 87_serve_soldier_century_soldiers
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Conscript soldiers are so called because they are enrolled in the muster list by the officer who will command them, just as soldiers are called transcripts when they transfer from one legion to another - and hence transcript (transcriptus), because they give their names so that they may be transcribed (transcribere).
Reinforcements (subcenturiatus) are men not of the first, but of the second century, as if the word were 'below the first century' (sub prima centuria); nevertheless in battle they were formed up and placed inlookouts so that if the first century failed they, whom we have spoken of as the substitutes, would reinforce the first century in their efforts.
These troops are called maniples (manipulus) either because they would begin a battle in the first combat (manus), or because, before battlestandards existed, they would make 'handfuls' (manipulus) for themselves as standards, that is, bundles of straw or of some plant, and from this standard the soldiers were nicknamed 'manipulars.'
Nome: 88_adverb_active_passive_undergo action
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passus), as 'I am whipped' (verberor); neutral (neutralis) verbs, because they neither act nor undergo action, as 'Iam lying down' (iaceo), 'Iam sitting' (sedeo)- for if you add the letter r to these, they do not sound Latin.
Philosophers call it adverbum, because it defines the utterance in question by means of one single word (verbum): in one word it declares what a given thing is, as contiscere est tacere ("'to fall still' is 'to be silent'").
Moreover, this scheme occurs not only in single words, but also in the grouping of words, as this from (Sempronius) Gracchus (fr. 43): "Your boyhood was a dishonor to your youth, your youth the disgrace of your old age, your old age the scandal of the state."
Nome: 89_shem_japheth_ham_sons
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Indeed, when Noah was 500 years old he begot three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
From Adam to this cataclysm there are 2252 years.] The second age 2244 Two years after the Flood, [when he was 100 years old,] Shem begot Arphachshad, from whom sprang the Chaldeans.
6.A son of Abraham was Ishmael, from whom arose the Ishmaelites, who are now called, with corruption of the name, Saracens, as if they descended from Sarah, and the Agarenes, from Agar (i.e Hagar).
Nome: 90_achates_stone called_argyre_produces precious
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It has many peoples and towns, also the islands Taprobane (i.e. Sri Lanka), full of precious stones and elephants, Chrysa (cf. ypUoóç, "gold") and Argyre (cf. ?
It produces the precious stones syrtites, lyncurium, and coral, and also the serpent called boa, the wild lynx, and the birds of Diomedes.
Indeed, well-suited by their nature, they produce fruit from very precious trees; the ridges of their hills are spontaneously covered with grapevines; instead of weeds, harvest crops and garden herbs are common there.
Nome: 91_sabbath_celebrated_lords day_lords
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10. 'Fifth of the sabbath' is the fifth weekday, that is, fifth counting (i.e. inclusively) from the Lord's Day, which is called the day of Jupiter among the pagans. 'Sixth of the sabbath' is what the sixth weekday is called, which is named the day of Venus among those same pagans.
The sabbath is the seventh counting (i.e. inclusively) from the Lord's Day, and the pagans dedicated it to Saturn and named it the day of Saturn. 'Sabbath' is translated from Hebrew into Latin as "rest," because on that day God rested from all his works.
We ourselves celebrate this number still in the number of days of Pentecost after the resurrection of the Lord, with sin forgiven and the written record of our whole debt erased, as we are freed from every trammel, receiving the grace of the Holy Spirit coming upon us.
Nome: 92_declining_mature declining_seasons_new mature
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It is also called the 'new spring (ver),' from its signs of germination, because in that month opportunity for business deals is signaled by the new crops 'turning green' (viridantibus).
They are called seasons (tempus) from the 'balance of qualities' (temperamentum) that each shares, because each in turn blends (temperare) for itself the qualities of moisture, dryness, heat, and cold.
Storm (tempestas, also meaning "period of time") is named either for 'season' (tempus), just as historians are always using it when they say, "in that tempestas"- or it is named from the condition (status) of the sky, because due to its size, a storm brews for many days.
Nome: 93_luxurious_luxurious person_possessed_lawfully
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For instance, if we wish to define the luxurious person, we say, "The luxurious person strives after a way of life that is not necessary, but sumptuous and loaded with goods; luxuries flow around him, and he is eager in lust."
3. Property (res) is so named from holding rightly (recte), and 'legal titles' from possessing lawfully, for what is possessed 'with title' (ius), is possessed 'lawfully' (iuste), and what is possessed lawfully is possessed well.
3. 'Holdings' (possessio) are vast public and private fields that originally someone occupied and owned (possidere) not by property transfer but insofar as he 'had power' (posse)- whence also they are named.
Nome: 94_music_arithmetic_music way_geometry music
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3. Music also calms excited spirits, just as one reads about David, who rescued Saul from the unclean spirit by the art of modulation.
But clearly that order of the seven secular disciplines was taken by the philosophers as far as the stars, so that they might draw minds tangled in secular wisdom away from earthly matters and set them in contemplation of what is above.
Then, music will not be unknown to him, for we read of many things that have been accomplished for sick people by way of this discipline - as we read of David who rescued Saul from an unclean spirit with the art of melody.
Nome: 95_occurs personality_stages_stages lifetime_landdwelling
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We call that 'ethopoeia' whereby we represent the character of a person in such a way as to express traits related to age, occupation, fortune, happiness, gender, grief, boldness.
Let us therefore proceed briefly through the aforementioned stages in a lifetime, demonstrating their etymologies with regard to the terms used for a human being.
Thus in the act of procreation an animal conveys external forms internally, and since she is filled with the images of these things, she combines their appearance with her own particular quality.
Nome: 96_seres_silk_east asians_asians generally
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Now, 'silk' (sericum) is one thing, and 'Syrian' (Syricum) is another, for silk is a fiber that the Chinese (Seres; East Asians generally) export, while Syrian is a pigment that the Syrian Phoenicians gather at the shores of the Red Sea.
Serica (i.e. another word for silk) cloth is named from 'silken' (sericus), or because the Seres (i.e. the Chinese, or East Asians generally; see XIV.iii.29) first made it available.
5. Silk (sericum) is so named because the Seres (Chinese, or East Asians generally) were the first to provide it.
Nome: 97_soul_mindless_forgetful_forgotten
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Then there isa third kind of vision, which is neither by bodily senses nor by that part of the soul where images of corporeal things are grasped, but by insight (intuitus) of the mind where intellectual truth is contemplated, as the gifted Daniel saw with his mind what Belshazzar had seen with his body.
Because this reason is born from the mind alone, and because they think the mind is in the head and brain, therefore they say she was born from the head of Jove, because the sense of a wise person, who discovers all things, is in his head.
Therefore it is soul when it enlivens the body, will when it wills, mind when it knows, memory (memoria) when it recollects, reason (ratio) when it judges correctly, spirit when it breathes forth, sense (sensus) when it senses something.
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By means of similarities, as a round bandage is put on a round wound and an oblong bandage on an oblong wound - for the bandaging itself is not the same for all limbs and wounds, but a similar is suited to a similar.
A lance (lancea) is a spear with a strap attached to the middle of its shaft; it is called lancea because it is thrown weighed equally in the 'scales' (lanx, ablative lance), that is, with the strap evenly balanced.
6.A strap (amentum) is the thong of throwing spears which is fitted to mid-shaft, and hence amentum because it is tied to the middle (medius) of the spear so that it can be thrown.
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Powerful (potens), extending (patere) widely in one's property; hence also 'power' (potestas), because it extends for him in whatever direction he chooses, and no one closes him in, none can stand in his way. 'Very rich' (praeopimus), well-supplied with "goods (opes) beyond (prae) other people."
Projecting (proiectus), 'thrown out far' (porro eiectus) and 'thrust forth' (proiactatus), whence also (Vergil, Aen. 3.699): And the projecting (proiectus) rocks, that is, thrust far out (porro iactatus).
A raider (praedo) is one who invades a foreign province with plundering, called 'raider' from stealing booty (praeda), and a raider is someone who possesses booty.
Nome: 100_touch_senses_tactus_sense touch
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There are those who maintain that vision is created from external light in the air, or it is from a luminous inner spirit that proceeds from the brain through thin passages and, after it has penetrated the outer membranes, goes out into the air, where it produces vision upon mixing with a similar substance.
And it is called vision (visus) because it is more vivid (vivacior) than the rest of the senses, and also more important and faster, and endowed with greater liveliness (vigere), like memory among the rest of the faculties of the mind.
The eyes are also called lights (lumen) because light (lumen) emanates from them, either because they hold a light that has been closed up in them from the beginning, or because they reflect light that has been taken from the outside in order to supply vision.
Nome: 101_goths_ethiopians_getulians_ethiopian
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The Dacians were offshoots of the Goths, and people think they were called Dacians (Dacus) as if the word were Dagus, because they were begotten 'from the stock of the Goths' (de Gothorum stirpe).
The Getulians are said to have been Getae who, setting out from their homeland with a huge force on ships, occupied the region of the Syrtes in Libya and were named by derivation Getulians, because they came from the Getae.
Thus Africa was held initially by the Libyans, then the Africans, and after this the Getulians, and finally the Moors and Numidians.
Nome: 102_insurrection_sedition_waged_war insurrection
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By 'communal oath' (coniuratio): this is done when there is an uprising, and the city's imminent peril leaves no time for individuals to take an oath, but a multitude is suddenly assembled and is kindled into tumultuous wrath.
Civil (civilis) war occurs when factions arise among fellowcitizens (civis) and hostilities are stirred up, as between Sulla and Marius, who waged civil war against each other within one nation.
Sedition (seditio) is a dissension (dissensio) of citizens, so called because they separate (seorsum ire) into different factions.
Nome: 103_senex_man senex_old woman_old people
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By these, healthy people are governed, and feeble people are stricken, for when they increase beyond their natural course they cause sickness.] Just as there are four elements, so there are four humors, and each humor resembles its element: blood resembles air, bile fire, black bile earth, and phlegm water.
In like manner 'old age' (senectus) is derived from 'old man' (senex) and 'a woman's old age' (anilitas) from 'old woman' (anus).
Finally, physicians and those who write about the physiology of the human body, especially Galen in his book titled W?pot? inquo, say that the bodies of children, youths, and men and women of mature age burn with an innate heat, and that for these ages foods that increase heat are noxious, and that to take whatever things are cold for eating conduces to good health.
Nome: 104_stalk caulis_culmus_attracts_caulis
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The mole (talpa) is so called because it is condemned to perpetual blindness in the dark (tenebrae), for, having no eyes, it always digs in the earth, and tosses out the soil, and devours the roots beneath vegetables.
The nettle (urtica) is so called because contact with it scorches (adurere) one's body, for it is of an entirely fiery nature and it inflames (perurere) at the touch, whence it also causes an itch (prurigo).
The stalk (caulis) is generically the term for the middle stem of herbs and vegetables, and is commonly called a thyrsus, because it rises from the 'ground upwards' (terra sursum).
Nome: 105_rhetoric_dialectic_discussion_fluency
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One skilled in speaking is grounded in artful eloquence, which consists of five parts: invention, arrangement, style, memory, pronunciation (inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, pronuntiatio), and of the goal of this office, which is to persuade of something.
After these, Aristotle brought the argumentative methods of this discipline under certain rules and named it 'dialectic' (dialectica) because in it one disputes about terms (dictum), for 2?mtóv means "utterance" (dictio).
Varro in his nine books of Disciplines defines dialectic and rhetoric with this similitude: "Dialectic and rhetoric are like the clenched fist and the open palm of a man's hand: the former pinches words, the latter extends them."
Nome: 106_helicon_nympha_pyrrhus_nymphs
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They are named after certain famous places; the first is Merois; the second Syene; the third Catachoras, that is Africa; the fourth is Rhodes; the fifth, Hellespont; the sixth, Mesopontum; and the seventh, Borysthenes.
Indeed they call nymphs of the mountains oreads (oreas), those of the forest dryads (dryas), those of the springs hamadryads (hamadryas), those of the fields naiads (naias), and those of the seas nereids (nereis).
She is also called a paranympha, for the nympha is the bride in the wedding ceremony, and nympha (also meaning "water") refers to the duty of washing (i.e. bathing the bride), since the word also alludes to the word for 'marrying' (nubere).
Nome: 107_mus_basilisk_hunting_weasels
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Hunter (venator), as if the term were venabulator (i.e. the user of a venabulum, "hunting spear") - from the word 'hunting' (venatio) - that is, the hunting of wild animals.
6. 'Basilisk' (basiliscus) is a Greek word, translated into Latin as "little king" (regulus; cf. ßaot2?áç, "king"), because it is the king of the snakes, so that they flee when they see it because it kills them with its odor - it also kills a human if it looks at one.
For this reason people take weasels into caves where the basilisk lies hidden; and as the basilisk takes flight at the sight, the weasel chases it down and kills it.
Nome: 108_aevum_aetas_coaetaneus_equal age
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Homoeoteleuton (homoeon teleuton) occurs when several verbs terminate in the same way, as (Cicero, Against Catiline 2.1): abiit, abcessit, evasit, erupit ("he left, he walked off, he escaped, he burst forth").
139. 'Hardened crook' (inveterator), because he has much experience 'of long standing' (vetus, gen. veteris) in evildoing.
Debauchery (crapula) is immoderate voracity, as if it were a 'raw meal' (cruda epula), by whose rawness the heart is burdened and the stomach is made to suffer indigestion.
Nome: 109_comma_clause_colon_sentence
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1.A punctuated clause is a form for distinguishing meaning through colons, commas, and periods, which, when placed in their proper spot, show the sense of the reading to us.
And where, in the following words, the sentence now makes sense but something still remains for the completion of the sentence, a colon occurs, and we mark it by a point even with the middle of the letter.
A phrase (comma) is a small component of thought, a clause (colon) is a member, and a sentence (periodos) is a 'rounding-off or compass' (ambitus vel circuitus; cf. p?p(c)o6oç, "going round").
Nome: 110_breeze_cloud_septentrio_whirlwind
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For when it is stirred, it makes winds; when more vehemently agitated, it makes lightning and thunder; when compressed, clouds; when condensed, rain; when it has frozen clouds, snow; when denser clouds freeze with more turbulence, hail; when it expands, bright weather.
Sometimes this shakes everything so violently that it seems to have split the sky, because, when a blast of very violent wind suddenly throws itself into clouds, with an increasingly powerful whirlwind seeking an exit, with a great crash it tears through the cloud, which it has hollowed out, and thus thunder is carried to the ears with a horrendous din.
3. Subsolanus has Vulturnus from the right side and Eurus from the left; Auster has Euroauster from the right and Austroafricus from the left; Favonius has Africus from the right and Corus from the left; finally Septentrio has Circius from the right and Aquilo from the left.
Nome: 111_jason_jasons_triumphed_persida
Quantidade de documentos: 25
The Persians were named after King Perseus, who crossed into Asia from Greece and there dominated the barbarian nations with heavy and prolonged fighting.
Armenius of Thessaly was one of Jason's generals who set out for Colchis with a gathered multitude that wandered here and there upon the loss of their king Jason.
When Cyrus besieged the maritime cities of Greece, and the Phocaeans attacked by him were brought to perilous straits, they swore that they would flee as far as possible from the Persian empire, where they would not even hear its name.
Nome: 112_abba_frater_father nations_horrid
Quantidade de documentos: 25
Absalom, "peace of the father" by antiphrasis, because he waged war against his father, or because in that war David is read to have been brought to peace with his son, so much that he lamented his death with huge grief.
5. Abbot (abba), moreover, a Syriac term, signifies "father" in Latin, as Paul made clear in writing to the Romans (8:15), "Whereby we cry: Abba, Father," having used two languages for the one name, for he says "Father" with the Syriac word abba, and then again names the same person in Latin, Pater.
In spiritual brotherhood, by which all of us Christians are called brothers, as (Psalm 132:1 Vulgate): "Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren (frater) to dwell together in unity."
Nome: 113_irony_tone voice_tone_satyrus
Quantidade de documentos: 25
Antiphrasis (antiphrasis) is a term to be understood from its opposite, as 'grove' (lucus) because it lacks light (lux, gen. lucis), due to the excessive shade of the forest; and 'ghosts' (manes, from old Latin mani, "benevolent ones"), that is, 'mild ones' - although they are actually pitiless - and 'moderate ones' - although they are terrifying and savage (immanes); and the Parcae and Eumenides (lit. in Greek "the gracious ones"), that is, the Furies, because they spare (parcere) and are gracious to no one.
Between irony and antiphrasis there is this difference: that irony expresses what one intends to be understood through the tone of voice alone, as when we say to someone doing everything poorly, "You're doing a good job," while antiphrasis signifies the contrary not through the tone of voice, but only through its words, whose source has the opposite meaning.
Satirists (saturicus) are so called either because they are filled with all eloquence, or from fullness (saturitas) and abundance - for they speak about many things at the same time - or from the platter (i.e. satura) with various kinds of fruit and produce that people used to offer at the temples of the pagans, or the name is taken from 'satyr plays' (satyrus), which contain things that are said in drunkenness, and go unpunished.
Nome: 114_cheese_called suberies_copia lactis_et pressi
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But Seville was nicknamed after its site, because it was placed in swampy ground on piles (palus; his palis = 'on these piles') driven deep so that it would not succumb to its slippery and unstable foundation.
Others think that they are called vines because they entwine themselves about one another with 'ribbon-like stems' (vitta, "fillet," a strip of cloth) and fasten themselves to neighboring (vicinus) trees with their creeping growth.
That fruit is nourishing for swine, not humans, and it is called suberies as if the term were subedies (cf. sus, "pig"; edere, "eat").
Nome: 115_plowing_plowed_fallow_lira
Quantidade de documentos: 25
Doting (delerus, i.e. delirus), demented from old age, after the term 2?p?±v ("prattle"), or because one wanders from straight thinking as if from the lira - for a lira (i.e. the balk between furrows) is a kind of plowed land when farmers, at the time of sowing, make straight furrows in which the whole crop is set.
Wildernesses (desertum) are so called because they are not planted (serere), and therefore, in a manner of speaking, they are abandoned (deserere), as are wooded and mountainous areas, places that are the opposite of fruitful regions that have the richest soil.
A furrow (sulcus) is so named from 'sun' (sol), because when plowed it receives the sun. 'Newly plowed fallow' (vervactum) is so called as if it were 'done in springtime' (vere actum), that is, land plowed in spring.
Nome: 116_vowel_consonant_troia_vowels
Quantidade de documentos: 24
A motacism (motacismus) occurs whenever a vowel follows the letter M, as bonum aurum ("good gold), iustum amicum ("just friend"), and we avoid this fault either by suspending the letter M, or by leaving it out.
In letters, their adjoining should be apt and proper, and thus care must be taken to ensure that the final vowel of the preceding word is not the same as the initial vowel of the following word, as feminae Aegyptiae ("of an Egyptian woman").
In its entirety, moreover, the word is osianna, which we pronounce as osanna, with the middle vowel degraded and elided just as happens in poetic lines when we scan them, for the initial vowel of a following word excludes the final vowel of the preceding word.
Nome: 117_written letter_unctio latin_chrisma unction_spoke age
Quantidade de documentos: 24
The old script consisted of seventeen Latin letters, and they are called legitimate (legitimus) for this reason: they either begin with the vowel E and end in a mute sound, if they are consonants, or because they begin with their own sound and end in the vowel E, if they are mutes [
The letter X did not exist in Latin until the time of Augustus, [and it was fitting for it to come into existence at that time, in which the name of Christ became known, which is written using the letter which makes the sign of the cross], but they used to write CS in its place, whence X is called a double letter, because it is used for CS, so that it takes its name from the composition of these same letters.
Only Greek words are written with the letters Y and Z, for although the letter Z expresses the sound in iustitia ("justice"), still, because the word is Latin, it must be written with a T. So also militia ("military"), malitia ("malice"), nequitia ("worthlessness"), and other similar words.
Nome: 118_witnesses_testator_testament_covenants
Quantidade de documentos: 24
2.A testament (testamentum) is so called because, unless the testator (testator) died, one could not confirm or know what was written in it, because it is closed and sealed, and it is also called 'testament' because it is not valid until after the setting up of the memorial of the testator (testatoris monumentum), whence also the Apostle (Hebrews 9:17): "The testament," he says, "is of force after people are dead."
Thus Laban and Jacob made a testament, which was certainly valid between living people, and in the Psalms it is written (82:6): "They have made a covenant (testamentum) together against thee," that is, a pact; and innumerable such examples.
A testament in praetorian law is sealed with the seals of seven witnesses; the former is made by citizens (civis), hence it is civil (civile) law; the latter is made in the presence of the praetors, hence it is of praetorian law.
Nome: 119_turtles_oar_clipping_whirlpool gurges
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. Whales (ballena) are beasts of enormous size, named from casting forth and spraying water, for they throw waves higher than the other sea animals; in Greek ß?22?tv means "cast forth."
There are four kinds of tortoise: land turtles; sea turtles; mud turtles, that is, those living in mud and swamps; the fourth kind are the river turtles, which live in fresh water.
6. Oars (remus) are named from 'moving back' (removere) and tonsae (i.e. another word for 'oar') from clipping (tondere, ppl.
Nome: 120_age_puberty_youth_senior
Quantidade de documentos: 24
The term 'age' properly is used in two ways: either as an age ofa humanas infancy, youth, old ageor as an age of the world, whose first age is from Adam to Noah; second from Noah to Abraham; third from Abraham to David; fourth from David to the exile of Judah to Babylon; fifth from then, [
The fifth is the age of an elder person (senior), that is, maturity (gravitas), which is the decline from youth into old age; it is not yet old age, but no longer youth, because it is the age of an older person, which the Greeks call pp?oßát?ç - for with the Greeks an old person is not called presbyter, but yspYv.
Therefore, senior does not mean "fully old," just as 'rather young' (iunior, i.e. a comparative form, lit. "younger") means "among the youths," and 'rather poor' (pauperior, i.e. the comparative of pauper, "poor") means "between rich and poor."
Nome: 121_ant_ants_ant lion_lion
Quantidade de documentos: 24
It is said that in Ethiopia there are ants in the shape of dogs, who dig up golden sand with their feet - they guard this sand lest anyone carry it off, and when they chase something they pursue it to death.
The 'ant lion' (formicoleon) is so called either because it is the lion (leo) of ants or, more likely, because it is equally an ant and a lion, for it is a small animal very dangerous to ants because it hides itself in the dust and kills the ants carrying grain.
And it is said that when an asp begins to give in to an enchanter who has called it with certain special chants so that he may draw it from its cave, and the asp does not want to come out, it presses one ear against the ground and blocks and closes up the other with its tail [
Nome: 122_caprificus_fig ficus_tree symbol_ficus
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When you have cast the seeds on the ground first the small plant springs up, and when it is tended it grows into a tree, and within a short time what you had seen as a small plant you gaze up to as a sapling.
The wild fig (caprificus) is so called because it tears at (carpere; cf. also mappóç, "fruit") the walls in which it grows up, for it bursts forth and grows out from the hidden spots in which it is germinated.
The quercus, or quernus ("oak tree"), is so called because the pagan gods would use it to make poetic predictions for those seeking (quaerere) their responses.
Nome: 123_wash_appearances_mental_differences
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Others, who have a change in the position of features without any transformation, such as those with eyes in their chest or forehead, or ears above their temples, or, as Aristotle relates, someone who had his liver on the left side and his spleen on the right.
Form, that the body should be strong and solid, the height appropriate to the strength, the flank long, very lean, with well-rounded haunches, broad in the chest, the entire body knotted with dense musculature, the foot firm and solid with a concave hoof.
Of these the small ones with curly manes are peaceful, and the long ones with straight manes are fierce.
Nome: 124_chariot_chariots_quadriga_fourhorse
Quantidade de documentos: 24
The circus was chiefly dedicated by the pagans to the sun god, whose shrine was in the middle of the racetrack and whose effigy shone out from the gable of the shrine, because they did not think that he, whom they believed was in the open, ought to be worshipped under a roof.
Some people say the 'eggs' (i.e. objects used to mark the number of circuits of the chariots) are in honor of Pollux and Castor; these same people do not blush to believe that these two were begotten from an egg sired by Jupiter as a swan.
3. Furthermore, they say that chariots race on wheels (rota) either because the world whirls by with the speed of its circle, or because of the sun, which wheels (rotare) in a circular orbit, as Ennius says (Annals 558): Thence the shining wheel (rota) cleared the sky with its rays.
Nome: 125_peter_simon_petra_catholic
Quantidade de documentos: 24
Some people simply take it that Simon, that is Peter, is the son of John, because of that question (John 21:15), "Simon of John, lovest thou me?" - and they consider it corrupted by an error of the scribes, so that Bar-Iona was written for Bar-Iohannes, that is, 'son of John,' with one syllable dropped. 'Johanna' means "grace of the Lord."
1. 'Church' (ecclesia) is a Greek word that is translated into Latin as "convocation" (convocatio), because it calls (vocare) everyone to itself. 'Catholic' (catholicus) is translated as "universal" (universalis), after the term ma9' o2ov, that is, 'with respect to the whole,' for it is not restricted to some part of a territory, like a small association of heretics, but is spread widely throughout the entire world.
The Simonians (Simonianus) are so called from Simon, skilled in the discipline of magic, whom Peter condemned in the Acts of the Apostles, because he wished to purchase the grace of the Holy Spirit from the Apostles with money (Acts 8:18-23).
Nome: 126_rus_plow_alluvial_pasturage
Quantidade de documentos: 24
There is the arable (arvus) field, that is, for sowing; or the plantable (consitus), that is, suitable for trees; or pasture (pascuus), set apart for grass and herds only; or the floral (florus), because these are garden spots fit for bees and flowers.
9.A field is called 'common pasture' (compascuus) when it is left out of the division of the fields in order to 'provide pasturage in common' (pascere communiter) among neighbors.
A field is called 'naturally enclosed' (arcifinius) when it is not bounded by fixed measures of boundary-lines, but its 'boundaries are enclosed' (arcentur fines) by a barrier of rivers, mountains, or trees - wherefore also no leftover patches of land interrupt these fields.
Nome: 127_donation_munus_manu_donatio
Quantidade de documentos: 24
A usufructuary donation (donatio usufructuaria) is so called for this reason, because the donor still retains the 'use of the yield' (usus fructu) from the gift, with the legal title reserved for the recipient.
A 'direct donation' (donatio directa) is so named because it is immediately transferred to another both in legal title and in use of the yield, and no part of it is diverted back to the legal right of the donor.
A 'manumitted man' (manumissus) is so called as if the term were manu emissus ("delivered by a hand"), for in ancient times whenever they would liberate (manumittere) someone they would turn him around after he was struck with a slap and confirm him to be free.
Nome: 128_cotis_baratrum_porous_abyss
Quantidade de documentos: 24
5. Abyss (baratrum, i.e. barathrum, i.e. ß?pa9pov, "pit") is the word for an excessive depth: and it is called baratrum, as if the term were vorago atra ("black abyss"), that is, black from its depth.
The whetstone (cos, gen. cotis; lit. "sharp rock"a variant form of cautes above) takes its name because it sharpens (acuere) a blade for cutting, for in the Greek language 'cutting' is called cotis.
When wood from it is placed in water it immediately sinks, and after it has lain for some time in the mud it rises to the surface, contrary to what is natural - when soaked it ought to stay down with the weight of the moisture.
Nome: 129_jebusites_palestinians_bethel_philistines
Quantidade de documentos: 23
The Allophyli (allophylus, lit. "foreigner") founded the city of the Philistines; it is Ascalon, of which we have spoken above, named after Chasluim (Cesloim), who was the grandson of Ham and son of Mesraim.
Bethlehem of Judah, the city of David, which gave birth to the Savior of the world, is said to have been founded by the Jebusites and first called Euphrata.
But when Jacob pastured his cattle there, with a certain prophecy of the future he gave the same place the name Bethlehem, which means "house of bread," because of him, the Bread who descended from heaven there.
Nome: 130_legion_bigener_legion legio_riders
Quantidade de documentos: 23
Horses havea great deal of liveliness, for they revel in open country; they scent out war; they are roused to battle by the sound of the trumpet; when incited by a voice they are challenged to race, grieving when they are defeated, and exultant when they are victorious.
There are three kinds of horses: one well-bred, suited for battles and riders; the second common and ordinary, suited for draft work, not for riding; the third originating from a mixture of different species, which is called hybrid (bigener), because it is born from different species, like the mule.
Among the animals those born of differing species are called hybrids (bigener), such as the mule from a mare and an ass, the hinny (burdo) froma stallion and a jenny, the hybrida from wild boars and domestic sows, the tityrus from a ewe and a he-goat, and the musmo from a she-goat and a ram.
Nome: 131_galli_gaza_mauretania_gauls
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In the middle, as (Ennius, Annals 329): Graecia Sulpicio sorti data, Gallia Cottae (Greece was given by lot to Sulpicius, Gaul to Cotta).
Little by little the Libyans altered the name of these people, in their barbarous tongue calling the Medes 'Moors' (Maurus), although the Moors are named by the Greeks for their color, for the Greeks call black µaUpóç (i.e. ?µaUpóç, "dark"), and indeed, blasted by blistering heat, they have a countenance of a dark color.
. Colatum wine takes its name from the vessel in which it is transported (cf. colum, "strainer"), but Gazean (Gazeum) wine names the region from which it is imported, for Gaza is a city in Palestine.
Nome: 132_dardanus_dardania_thracia_jasius
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): Nos te Dardania incensa tuaque arma secuti, nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor (We followed you and your troops from burning Dardania, we traversed the swollen sea in a fleet under your command).
Thracia is said to have gotten its name from Tiras, the son of Japheth, upon his arrival there; others have suggested that Thracia was named after the savagery of its inhabitants (perhaps cf.
Likewise Tyrrhenia is named from Tyrrhenus, brother of Lydus who, as a result of a drawing of lots, came to Italy from Maeonia with part of his people.
Nome: 133_cynocephali_dog_monstrosities_cases form
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. Portents, then, or unnatural beings, exist in some cases in the form of a size of the whole body that surpasses common human nature, as in the case of Tityos who, as Homer witnesses, covered nine jugers (i.e. about six acres) when lying prostrate; in other cases in the form of a smallness of the whole body, as in dwarfs (nanus), or those whom the Greeks call pygmies (pygmaeus), because they are a cubit tall.
Other fabulous human monstrosities are told of, which do not exist but are concocted to interpret the causes of things - like Geryon, the Spanish king fabled to have three bodies, for there were three brothers of such like minds that there was, so to speak, one soul in their three bodies.
They also imagine certain monstrosities from among irrational living creatures, like Cerberus, the dog of the nether world that has three heads, signifying through him the three ages in which death devours a human being - that is, infancy, youth, and old age.
Nome: 134_easter_easter day_fourteenth_fourteenth day
Quantidade de documentos: 23
The most blessed Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, calculating the reckoning of Easter Day over ninety-five years as a result of five nineteens, indicated with the greatest brevity at what point in the calendar or at what day of the lunar cycle the Easter feast should be celebrated.
The holy Fathers prohibited this celebration at the Nicene synod, legislating that one should seek out not only the paschal moon and month, but also should observe the day of the Lord's resurrection; and because of this they extended the paschal season from the fourteenth day of the moon to the twenty-first day, so that Sunday would not be passed over.
The Latin Church locates the moon of the first month (i.e. of the Roman calendar's year) from March 5 through April 3, and if the fifteenth day of the new moon should fall on a Sunday, Easter Day is moved forward to the next Sunday.
Nome: 135_roman citizens_slaves_freedman_slave
Quantidade de documentos: 23
When children are called liberi ("children"; lit. "free") in a legal sense, it is so that by this term they are distinguished from slaves, because just as a slave is in the power of his master, so a child (filius) is in the power of his father.
Again, children are called liberi when they have sprung from a free (liber) marriage, for the children of a free man and a slave serving-girl have slave status, as children who are so born always assume the status of the lower parent.
] Captive (captivus) is so called as if 'deprived of civic rights' (capite deminutus), for the condition of a free person has passed from him, whence he is spoken of as deprived of civic rights by legal experts.
Nome: 136_damascus_syrians_nations like_asshur
Quantidade de documentos: 22
The Assyrians were named for Assur, the son of Shem - a very powerful nation, which held sway over the whole middle region between the Euphrates and the Indian border.
The Syrians are held to be named from Surim (i.e. Asshurim), who was the grandson of Abraham from his wife Keturah.
The Syrian city now called Tyre was once called 'Sarra' after a certain fish that is abundant there, which they call sar in their language.
Nome: 137_marble_parian marble_marble called_parian
Quantidade de documentos: 22
Vergil writes of it (Aen. 3.126): And snow-white Paros, for it produces the whitest marble, which is called Parian marble.
Marble (marmor) is a Greek word (i.e. µ?pµapoç, and cf. µapµa(c)p?tv, "gleam, sparkle") so named from 'greenness,' and although the other colors were discovered later, people continued to use the original name from the idea of greenness.
Zmilanthus (i.e. zmilampis) is collected in the channel of the Euphrates and is similar to Proconnesian marble, with a gray color in the middle shining like the pupil of the eye.
Nome: 138_gems_dragons_gem_gemstone
Quantidade de documentos: 22
It also yields ivory and precious stones: beryls, chrysoprase, and diamonds, carbuncles, white marble, and small and large pearls much coveted by women of the nobility.
This does not become a gemstone unless it is cut out of living dragons; hence magicians remove it from sleeping dragons - for bold men search out the caves of dragons, and sprinkle drugged herbs there to put the dragons to sleep, and when the dragons have been lulled to sleep, they cut off their heads and extract the gemstones.
For certain kinds of gemstone it is very difficult to distinguish the genuine from the false, especially once someone has discovered how to transmute a genuine specimen of one gem into a false specimen of other gems - for example, sardonyx, which is made from three gemstones joined together so that they cannot be taken apart.
Nome: 139_asbestos_placed retains_retains coldness_coldness
Quantidade de documentos: 22
Access to this location was blocked off after the fall of humankind, for it is fenced in on all sides by a flaming sword, that is, encircled by a wall of fire, so that the flames almost reach the sky.
Amiantos (i.e. asbestos) was so named by the ancients because, if cloth was made from it, the cloth resisted fire, and even when placed in the fire did not burn, but acquired a radiant glow.
But although it is invulnerable to iron and disdainful of fire, it may be split after it has been soaked in warm fresh goat's blood, and thus shattered by many blows from an iron tool.
Nome: 140_storax_cedrus_cedar cedrus_cedar
Quantidade de documentos: 22
The storax (storax) is a tree of Arabia, similar to the quince, whose shoots exude sap from their crevices during the rising of the dog star.
, "sweet"; o(c)6?,a plant), or pentorobina (i.e. pentorobos; cf. psvt?, "five"; opoßoç, "vetch seed") from the number of its seeds, or as others say, dactylos from its resemblance to fingers (cf. 6?mtU2oç, "finger").
pt, "early, in spring"; yspYv, "old" (the plant is so named for its hoary down)) because it first 'becomes old' (senescere) in spring, whence Latin speakers call it senicio.
Nome: 141_scrolls_tomes_maccabees_iod
Quantidade de documentos: 22
The first class, Law (Lex), is taken as being five books: of these the first is Bresith,1 which is Genesis; second Veelle Semoth, which is Exodus; third Vaiicra, which is Leviticus; fourth Vaiedabber, which is Numbers; fifth Elleaddebarim, which is Deuteronomy.
ytoç, "holy"; yp????tv, "write"), in which there are nine books: first Job; second the Psalter; third Masloth, which is the Proverbs of Solomon; fourth Coheleth, which is Ecclesiastes; fifth Sir hassirim, which is the Song of Songs; sixth Daniel; seventh Dibre haiamim, which means 'words of the days' (verba dierum), that is Paralipomenon (i.e. Chronicles); eighth Ezra; ninth Esther.
Some add Ruth and Cinoth, which in Latin is the Lamentations (Lamentatio) of Jeremiah, to the Sacred Writings, and make twenty-four books of the Old Testament, corresponding to the twenty-four Elders who stand present before the face of God (Apocalypse 4:4, etc.).
Nome: 142_writers comedies_comedies_sentences_flens
Quantidade de documentos: 22
For instance, it expresses what is contained by what contains, as "the theater applauds," "the meadows low," when in the first instance people applaud and in the second, cows low.
But contrariwise enargeia (energia) as well as emphasis, which causes something to be understood beyond what one has said, elevate and adorn an oration, as if you were to say, "He rises to the glory of Scipio," and Vergil (Aen. 2.262): Sliding down the lowered rope.
6. 'Writers of comedies' (comoedus) are so called either from the place, because people performed them in rural districts, which the Greeks call mÛµaç, or from revelry (comissatio), for people used to come to hear them after a meal.
Nome: 143_sacraments_sacramentum_things offered_body blood
Quantidade de documentos: 22
The sacrifice (sacrificium, i.e. of the mass) is so called as if it were a 'sacred deed' (sacrum factum), because by a mystic prayer it is consecrated in commemoration of the Lord's suffering for us, whence we call this sacrifice, at his command, the body and blood of Christ.
These things are called sacraments (sacramentum) for this reason, that under the covering of corporeal things the divine virtue very secretly brings about the saving power of those same sacraments - whence from their secret (secretus) or holy (sacer) power they are called sacraments.
Sacraments are fruitfully performed under the aegis of the Church because the Holy Spirit dwelling in the Church in a hidden way brings about the aforesaid effect of the sacraments.
Nome: 144_epacts_cycle_april_lunar
Quantidade de documentos: 22
The first cycle of nineteen: Of the moon B. C. ii Ides April xx C. vi Kalends April xvi E. xvi Kalends May xvii C. vi Ides April xx B. C. x Kalends April xv E. ii Ides April xvi C. ii Nones April xix E. viii Kalends May xx B. C. v Ides April xv When this cycle is complete one returns to the beginning.
For the moon in its course is known to shine twentynine and a half days, so that there are 354 (i.e. 12 × 29.5) days in a lunar year; there remain in the course of a solar year eleven days, which the Egyptians add (adicere).
There are nineteen years in the (Metonic) cycle, but when the epacts add up to twenty-nine, which is in the nineteenth year of the cycle, at that point you do not add eleven epacts to the twenty-nine in the following year, such that you would get ten after subtracting thirty, but you start again with eleven.
Nome: 145_lighthouse_goodlooking_formosus_farum
Quantidade de documentos: 22
Beauty, that the head should be small and firm, the skin clinging close to the bones, the ears short and expressive, the eyes large, the nostrils flaring out, the neck upright, the mane and tail thick, the hooves of a firm roundness and solidity.
Its function was to show a light for ships sailing at night, in order to make known the channels and the entrance to the port, so that sailors would not be deceived in the darkness and run onto the rocks - for Alexandria has tricky access with deceptive shallows.
Its purpose is to shine a light for the nighttime sailing of ships in order to mark the shallows and the entrances to the harbor, so that sailors might not, misled by darkness, hit the rocks, for Alexandria has tricky entrances with deceptive shoals.
Nome: 146_context_etymologies words_demonstrare_meanings
Quantidade de documentos: 22
Homonymous (homonymus) nouns, that is uninomial (uninomius), because there is a multiple meaning in one (unus) noun, as tumulus, which is in one context a low hill, in another context rising (tumere) ground, and in another context a grave-mound - for there are diverse meanings in the one noun.
Etymologies of words are furnished either from their rationale (causa), as 'kings' (rex, gen. regis) from ['ruling' (regendum) and] 'acting correctly' (recte agendum); or from their origin, as 'man' (homo) because he is from 'earth' (humus), or from the contrary, as 'mud' (lutum) from 'washing' (lavare, ppl.
But omens (monstrum) derive their name from admonition (monitus), because in giving a sign they indicate (demonstrare) something, or else because they instantly show (monstrare) what may appear; and this is its proper meaning, even though it has frequently been corrupted by the improper use of writers.
Nome: 147_daedalus_cecrops_pallas_minerva
Quantidade de documentos: 22
The fourth was the Cimmerian, in Italy; the fifth, the Erythraean, Herophila by name, who came from Babylon - she foretold to the Greeks attacking Troy that it would perish and that Homer would write lies.
Amphictyon, the same who reigned in Greece third after Cecrops, dedicated this city to Minerva and gave the name 'Athens' (Athenae) to the city, for Minerva in Greek is called %9?v?.
A palace (palatium) is named after Pallas, prince of the Arcadians, in whose honor the Arcadians built the town Pallanteum, and they called the royal palace that they founded in his name 'Palatium.'
Nome: 148_avis_hawk_birds avis_kinds birds
Quantidade de documentos: 22
Some are simple, like the dove, and others clever, like the partridge; some allow themselves to be handled, like the falcon, while others are fearful, like the garamas; some enjoy the company of humans, like the swallow, while others prefer a secluded life in deserted places, like the turtledove; some feed only on the seeds they find, like the goose, while others eat meat and are eager for prey, like the kite; some are indigenous and always stay in the same location, like [
They are called birds (avis) because they do not have set paths (via), but travel by means of pathless (avia) ways. 'Winged ones' (ales, gen. alitis) because they strive 'with their wings for the heights' (alis alta), and ascend to lofty places with the oarage of their wings.
The eagle (aquila) is named from the acuity of its vision (acumen oculorum), for it is said that they have such sight that when they soar above the sea on unmoving wings, and invisible to human sight, from such a height they can see small fish swimming, and descending like a bolt seize their prey and carry it to shore with their wings.
Nome: 149_frogs_jackdaw_screech owl_screech
Quantidade de documentos: 21
Frogs (rana) are named from their garrulity (cf. rancare, "roar") because they fill their native swamps with noise, and make their voices resound in unruly croaking.
Many bird names are evidently constructed from the sound of their calls, such as the crane (grus), the crow (corvus), the swan (cygnus), the peacock (pavo), the kite (milvus), the screech owl (ulula), the cuckoo (cuculus), the jackdaw (graculus), et cetera.
The jackdaw (graculus) is named for its garrulity (garrulitas); not, as some people would have it, because they fly 'in flocks' (gregatim), since it is quite clear that they are named for their call, for it is the most talkative species and importunate in its calls.
Nome: 150_accuser_reus_lawsuit_bad faith
Quantidade de documentos: 21
In fact, in Greek an accuser is called diabolus, either because he brings before God the crimes into which he himself lures people, or because he accuses the innocence of the elect with fabricated crimes - whence also in the Apocalypse (12:10) it is said by the voice of an angel: "The accuser of our brethren is cast forth, who accused them before our God day and night."
223. 'False accuser' (praevaricator), an advocate in bad faith, one who either neglects things that will be harmful when he prosecutes, or neglects things that will be profitable when he defends, or presents the case ineptly or doubtfully, having been corrupted by bribes.
Accused (reus), so called from the lawsuit (res) in which he is liable, and offence (reatum) from reus. 'Impeached for state treason' (reus maiestatis) was at first the term for one who had carried out something against the republic, or anyone who had conspired with the enemy.
Nome: 151_begot_130th year_130th_165th
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2. 230 In the year 230 Adam begot Seth, from 435 whom descended the children of God.
The kingdoms of the Assyrians and Sicinians arise. 3184 In his 70th year Terah begot Abraham.
3284 In his 100th year Abraham begot Isaac and 3344 Ishmael, from whom sprang the Ishmaelites.
Nome: 152_aunt_son daughter_paternal aunt_granddaughter
Quantidade de documentos: 21
The grandmother (avia) of my paternal aunt is my great-greatpaternal aunt (proamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
The great-grandmother (proavia) of my paternal aunt is my great-great-great paternal aunt (abamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
The sister of my maternal aunt is my great maternal aunt (matertera magna), and I am the grandson or granddaughter of her sister.
Nome: 153_commandments_great things_grandly_orator
Quantidade de documentos: 21
Thus when the character of a pirate is taken up, the speech will be bold, abrupt, rash; when the speech of a woman is imitated, the oration ought to fit her sex.
With regard to style (elocutio) it will be correct to use what the matter, the place, the time, and the character of the audience require, ensuring that profane things are not be mingled with religious, immodest with chaste, frivolous with weighty, playful with earnest, or laughable with sad.
Because a straight and continuous oration makes for weariness and disgust as much for the speaker as for the hearer, it should be inflected and varied into other forms, so that it might refresh the speaker and become more elaborate, and deflect criticism with a diversity of presentation and hearing.
Nome: 154_trophy_victory_triumph_routed enemy
Quantidade de documentos: 21
(Young men, in vain your stout hearts; if your desire for daring the final battle is fixed on following me, you see what the outcome of the matter will be.
A triumph is due to someone who attains a complete victory, and a trophy for a half-complete one, because he has not yet attained a complete victory, for he has not captured, but routed the enemy.
Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, Prata 109), however, says that triumphus is the preferred term in Latin, because he who entered the city in a triumph would be honored by a threefold judgment: in granting a triumph for a general it was customary for the army to judge first, the senate second, and the people third.
Nome: 155_mortar_pestle_mola_crush
Quantidade de documentos: 21
You may divide it into parts, and the parts into grains, like sand; then divide the grains of sand themselves into the finest dust, until, if you can, you will reach a certain minute particle, which no longer can be divided or split.
Whence among the ancients the term was not 'millers' (molitor) but 'pounders' (pistor), as if it were pinsores, from their crushing (pinsere) the kernels of grain - for they did not yet use millstones (mola), but would crush grain with a pestle.
5. Spelt (far) is so called because at first it would be crushed (frangere), for among the ancients the use of mills did not yet exist, but they would place grain in a mortar and crush it, and this was a kind of milling.
Nome: 156_verdigris_bronze_verdigris aerugo_called ductile
Quantidade de documentos: 21
Bronze 'bloom' is made or originates in the casting process, when bronze is remelted and reliquefied, and cold water is poured on top, for the 'bloom' is produced from a sudden condensation, as from spittle.
Bronze also generates verdigris: when shreds of sheet bronze are placed over a vessel of very sharp vinegar so that they start dripping, what falls from this into the vinegar is pulverized and passed through a sieve.
Also the word verdigris (aerugo) is from 'eroding' (erodere) - for verdigris is a flaw in iron so called from eroding - not from aerumentum ("bronze object").
Nome: 157_gruel_spelt_spelt far_frumen
Quantidade de documentos: 21
. Pulmentum takes its name from puls ("gruel"); it is named correctly whether it is eaten in the form of gruel alone or whether something else is eaten in a mixture of gruel.
27.A morsel (frustum) is so called because it is taken by the frumen, for the frumen is the upper part of the throat. 'Lean meat' (pulpa) is so called because formerly it would be eaten mixed with gruel (puls).
Sausage (farcimen) is meat cut up into small bits, because with it an intestine is stuffed (farcire), that is, filled, with other things mixed in.
Nome: 158_cf otp_catches gleam_otp star_crystal
Quantidade de documentos: 21
This circumstance gives it various colors, because the thinned water, bright air, and misty clouds, when illuminated, create various colors.
The Red Sea is so named because it is colored with reddish waves; however, it does not possess this quality by its nature, but its currents are tainted and stained by the neighboring shores because all the land surrounding that sea is red and close to the color of blood.
The reason for this stone's name is from its effect, for when it is thrown into a bronze basin it changes the rays of the sun with a blood-colored reflection (cf. ?2toç, "sun"; tpop?, "change"), but when out of the water it receives sunlight like a mirror, and reveals an eclipse of the sun by showing the advancing moon.
Nome: 159_interpretatione_categories_definitions_interpretations
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There are ten species of categories: substance, quantity, quality, relation, situation, place, time, habit, activity, and passivity (substantia, quantitas, qualitas, relatio, situs, locus, tempus, habitus, agere, pati).
3. Aristotle, a man most skilled in the manner of expressing things and in forming statements, names this perihermenia, which we call 'interpretation' (interpretatio), specifically because things conceived in the mind are rendered (interpretari) in expressed words through cataphasis and apophasis, that is affirmation and negation.
So in his De interpretatione the philosopher mentioned above treats seven types: the substantive, the verb, the phrase, the proposition, affirmation, negation, and contradiction (nomen, verbum, oratio, enuntiatio, affirmatio, negatio, contradictio).
Nome: 160_number work_section fig_fig_beginnings
Quantidade de documentos: 21
The sign tau, T, placed at the beginning of the line indicated a survivor, while theta, T, was placed by the name of each of the slain.
Exposition of figures illustrated below (Expositio figurarum infra scriptarum)
and it equals 1,800 siliquae, 225 tremisses, 75 solidi, and 25 stateres].
Nome: 161_curia_taxes_curule_publican
Quantidade de documentos: 21
It is 'public force' (vis publica) if someone has executed before the populace a citizen making an appeal to a judge or a king, or tortured him or whipped him or fettered him.
32. 'Publican' (publicanus) is the title for the farmers of the taxes of the public treasury, or of public (publicus) affairs, or for those who exact the public taxes, or for those who chase profits through the business of the world - hence their name.
227.A publican (publicanus) is one who gathers the public taxes, or one who runs after the lucre of the world through public (publicus) business, whence such a one is named.
Nome: 162_rust_iron_fish scales_hammering
Quantidade de documentos: 20
In sharpening iron, the edge is made finer by using oil, whence it is also customary for the more delicate iron implements to be tempered in oil, lest they be hardened by water to the point of fragility.
Also, rust does not damage iron implements if they are smeared with deer marrow or white lead mixed with oil of roses.
2. 'Scale-armor' (squama) is an iron cuirass made from iron or bronze plates linked together in the manner of fish scales (squama), and named for their glittering likeness to fish scales.
Nome: 163_aesculapius_medicine_cornelius_clan
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. but after Aesculapius was killed by a bolt of lightning, the study of healing was declared forbidden, and the art died along with its author, and was hidden for almost fifty years, until the time of Artaxerxes, king of the Persians.
13. 'Raphael' means "Healing" or "Medicine of God," for whenever there is need of healing and curing this archangel is sent by God - hence he is called "Medicine of God."
No lesser inquiry was made later by Cornelius Celsus, Julius Atticus, Aemilianus (i.e. Palladius), and the distinguished orator Columella who embraced the whole corpus of that discipline.
Nome: 164_construction_beams_plumbline_foundation
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Building (aedificatio) is one kind of construction and renovation (instauratio) is another: building is new construction, but renovation is what restores something to its previous likeness (instar), for the ancients used to use the word instar for 'likeness'; hence they would say 'renovate' (instaurare).
As far as building with clay is concerned, baked bricks are suited for walls and foundations, while curved and flat tiles are suitable for roofs.
In short, unless everything in the construction is made according to the plumb-line and a sure ruler, it is inevitable that everything will be built awry, so that some things will be crooked, others sloping, some leaning forward and some leaning back - and so all building must be constructed with these tools.
Nome: 165_ignarus_illadvised_ignorant ignarus_ignorant
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Knowledgeable (gnarus), "knowing"; its opposite is ignorant (ignarus), "not knowing."
Innocent (innox), because such a one does not harm (nocere); innocuus, one who has not been harmed - but among the ancients there is no difference between the senses of the words.
Ignorant (ignarus), "not knowing (gnarus)," that is, unknowing, that is, without a nose (nares), for the ancients called knowing "sniffing out."
Nome: 166_cow_bos_cows_boa
Quantidade de documentos: 20
Although the Greeks name the lamb (agnus) from ?yvóç ("holy") as if it were sacred, Latin speakers think that it has this name because it recognizes (agnoscere) its mother before other animals, to the extent that even if it has strayed within a large herd, it immediately recognizes the voice of its parent by its bleat.
The boa (boas), a snake in Italy of immense size, attacks herds of cattle and buffaloes, and attaches itself to the udders of the ones flowing with plenty of milk, and kills them by suckling on them, and from this takes the name 'boa,' from the destruction of cows (bos).
Ligurian settlers founded the island of Corsica, naming it after the one who guided them there, a certain Ligurian woman by the name of Corsa, who saw a bull from the herd she was guarding close to the shore habitually swim across and return fattened shortly afterwards.
Nome: 167_libya_mesraim egypt_africa named_mesraim
Quantidade de documentos: 20
Thus no original sound of the word remains to show that the Egyptians arose from the son of Ham named Mesraim (i.e. Egypt), or similarly with regard to the Ethiopians, who are said to descend from that son of Ham named Cush.
He is said to have led an army against Libya and to have settled there after he had conquered the enemy, and his descendants were named Africans, and the place named Africa, after their ancestor.
Others say that Epaphus, the son of Jupiter and founder of Memphis in Egypt, had a daughter named Libya with his wife Cassiopeia, and Libya afterwards established a kingdom in Africa.
Nome: 168_parts speech_word beginning_catachresis_repetition word
Quantidade de documentos: 19
5. Syllepsis (syllempsis) is the use of an expression completed by a singular verb with dissimilar or plural phrases, as (Vergil, Aen. 1.553): Sociis et rege recepto ("When companions and king be found"; recepto is singular), or a singular phrase is supplied with a plural verb, as (Vergil, Ecl.
Epanaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of each phrase in a single verse, as (Vergil, Aen. 7.759): Te nemus Anguitiae, vitrea te Focinus unda, te liquidi flevere lacus (For you the forest of Anguitia wept, for you Lake Fucinus with its glassy wave, for you the clear lakes).
Epanalepsis is a repetition of the same word at the beginning and end of the verse, as in this (Juvenal, Satires 14.139): Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crescit (The love of money grows as wealth itself grows).
Nome: 169_praise god_praise_hymn_songs
Quantidade de documentos: 19
He designated the third book Sir hassirim, which is translated in Latin as the song of songs; there he sings mystically, in the form of a wedding song, of the union of Christ and the Church.
. Therefore, just as they made temples more beautiful than their homes, and idols larger than their bodies, so they thought the gods should be honored by speech that was, as it were, loftier, and they raised up their praises with more brilliant words and more pleasing rhythms.
They say the bedroom (thalamus, also "bridal chamber") is so named for this reason: when the Sabine women were abducted by the Romans, one of them, more noble than the others in appearance, was abducted and greatly admired by all, and it was the response of an oracle that she be married to the general Thalamon.
Nome: 170_faciam_imperative imperativus_imperativus_igitur
Quantidade de documentos: 19
The verbum (i.e. the verb) of the grammarians conjugates in three tenses: preterit, present and future, as fecit ("he did"), facit ("he does"), faciet ("he willdo").
The meditative (meditativus) is named from the sense of someone intending (meditari), as lecturio ("I intend to read," formed on legere, ppl.
If you add a person to it - 'I ought, you ought, he ought to yell' (clamare debeo, debes, debet)- it becomes a quasifinite verb.
Nome: 171_pepper_cinnamon_nests_hemp
Quantidade de documentos: 19
The cinnamolgus is also a bird of Arabia, called thus because in tall trees it constructs nests out of cinnamon (cinnamum) shrubs, and since humans are unable to climb up there due to the height and fragility of the branches, they go after the nests using lead-weighted missiles.
Serpents protect the pepper groves, but the inhabitants of that region, when the peppers ripen, burn them, and the serpents are put to flight by the fire - and from this flame the pepper, which is naturally white, is made black.
The unripe kind is called 'long pepper'; that unaffected by fire, 'white pepper'; but that which has a wrinkled and bristly skin takes both its color (i.e. 'black') and its name (cf. pup, "fire") from the heat of the fire.
Nome: 172_heir_inheritance_cretio_estate
Quantidade de documentos: 19
It concerns such things as legal inheritances, cretio (i.e. formal acceptance of an inheritance), guardianship, usucapio (i.e. acquisition of ownership by use): these laws are found among no other group of people, but are particular to the Romans and established for them alone.
Cretio is so called as if it were 'decision' (decretio), that is, deciding, or establishing - for example, "Let such and such a person be my heir," and it is added "and let him 'accept the inheritance' (cernere, ppl.
And it is called 'inheritance' (hereditas) from 'property entered in on' (res adita), or from 'money' (aes, gen. aeris), because whoever possesses land also pays the tax; whence also property (res).
Nome: 173_chalybs_nails_chisel_ungula
Quantidade de documentos: 19
The hand with outstretched fingers is called palm (palma); when they are clenched, it is called fist (pugnus). 'Fist' is derived from 'handful' (pugillus), just as 'palm' is derived from the extended branches of the palm tree (palma).
Nailed (clavatus) shoes, [as if the word were claviatus, because the soles are joined to the uppers with small - that is, sharp - nails (clavus)]. 'Fur-lined boots' (perones) and sculponeae are country shoes.
. Chased (caelatus) dishes are silver or gold, modeled inside and out with figures that stand out, so called from an engraver's burin (caelum), which is a kind of iron tool, which commonly is called a chisel (cilio).
Nome: 174_pup_pup means_torches_cf pup
Quantidade de documentos: 19
A pyramid (pyramidis) is a figure that rises up from a wide base to a point, like a tongue of fire, for 'fire' is called pup among the Greeks (fig.).
2. Cinna mentions this type thus (fr. 11): On Prusias's boat I have brought as a gift for you these poems through which we know the aerial fires, poems much studied over with Aratus's midnight lamps, written on the dry bark of smooth mallow.
Hoar-frost (pruina) is a freezing during the morning hours, and it took this name because it burns like a fire - for the word pup means "fire," and 'burning' pertains both to freezing and to the sun.
Nome: 175_axis_poles_boreus_austronotius
Quantidade de documentos: 19
The movement of the sphere is caused by its turning on two axes, one of which is the northern, which never sets, and is called Boreus; and the other is the southern axis, which is never seen, and is called Austronotius.
They say that the sphere of heaven moves on these two poles, and with its movement, the stars, whichare fixed in it, make their circuit fromthe east to the west, with the northern stars completing shorter circular courses next to the turning point.
The axis (axis) is a straight line from the North that extends through the center ball of the sphere, and it is called 'axis' because around it the sphere turns like a wheel, or because the Wain (i.e. 'wagon,' another name for the Big Dipper) is there.
Nome: 176_formulation_types formulation_types types_types
Quantidade de documentos: 19
There are five types of this: anastrophe, hysteron proteron, parenthesis, tmesis, and synthesis.
And every treatment has these same three characteristics: first, regimen; second, pharmaceutics; and third, surgery.
These two treatments make their types of assistance clear through their names.
Nome: 177_idol_idolatry_worship_idolum
Quantidade de documentos: 19
Idolatry (idolatria) means the service or worship of idols, for 2atp?(c)a in Greek is translated in Latin as servitude (servitus), which as far as true religion is concerned is owed only to the one and only God.
An idol (idolum) is a likeness made in the form of a human and consecrated, according to the meaning of the word, for the Greek term ?²6oç means "form" (forma), and the diminutive idolum derived from it gives us the equivalent diminutive formula ("replica," i.e. an image made in a mold).
Formerly, simple equestrian events were performed, and the common custom was not at all deserving of censure, but when this natural practice developed into public games it was converted into the worship of demons.
Nome: 178_trinity_son holy_vs_spirit trinity
Quantidade de documentos: 19
Therefore what things are said of God pertain to the whole Trinity because of its one (unus) and coeternal substance, whether in the Father, or in his onlybegotten Son in the form of God, or in the Holy Spirit, which is the one (unus) Spirit of God the Father and of his only-begotten Son.
Some understand that the Trinity is signified in Psalm 50: in the "perfect Spirit" (vs. 14) the Father, in the "right Spirit" (vs. 12) the Son, in the "holy spirit" (vs. 13) the Holy Spirit.
But for the Father and Son and Holy Spirit, because of their one and equal divinity, the name is observed to be not 'gods' but 'God,' as the Apostle says (I Corinthians 8:6): "Yet to us there is but one God," or as we hear from the divine voice (Mark 12:29, etc.), "Hear, O Israel: the Lord thy God is one God," namely inasmuch as he is both the Trinity and the one Lord God.
Nome: 179_focus_forge_fireplace_firebrand
Quantidade de documentos: 19
But Varro says they are called fireplaces (focus) because they nurture (fovere) the fire, for the fire is the flame itself, and whatever keeps a fire burning is called a fireplace, whether it be an altar or something else on which the fire is kept burning.
5. 'Wax torches' (funale) are covered with wax, and are so called from the cords (funis) encased in wax that our ancestors employed before the use of papyrus.
The firebrand (fax, gen. facis) is so called because it starts (facere, lit. "makes") the hearth-fire (focus); its diminutive is facula.
Nome: 180_uterus_childbearing_matrix_fetus
Quantidade de documentos: 19
The matrix (matrix) is so called, because the fetus is engendered in it, for it fosters the received semen, gives a body to what is fostered and differentiates the limbs of that which has been given a body.
Ejaculated in sexual intercourse and taken into the uterus of a woman, it somehow takes shape in the body under the influence of the heat of the viscera and the irrigation of menstrual blood.
Thus, afterwards, the generative seed, when it has been infused and received, does not adhere to the injured, scarred matrix of the womb, but recoils to no effect.
Nome: 181_pestilence_fever_splen_spleen
Quantidade de documentos: 19
Pestilence is also called plague (lues), so called from destruction (labes) and distress (luctus), and it is so violent that there is no time to anticipate life or death, but weakness comes suddenly together with death.
Peripleumonia took its name from the lungs (pulmo), for it is a swelling of the lungs accompanied by an effusion of bloody foam.
The spleen (splen) is so called from filling in (supplementum) a place opposite to the liver, so that there may not exist an empty space.
Nome: 182_consul_consuls_curator_curatores
Quantidade de documentos: 19
Because the Romans would not put up with the haughty domination of kings, they made a pair of consuls serve as the governing power year by year - for the arrogance of kings was not like the benevolence of a consul, but the haughtiness of a master.
Proconsuls were substitutes for consuls, and were called proconsuls because they would function in place of consuls, as a procurator does in place of a curator, that is, an agent.
Procurators are those who serve in place of curatores, as if the term were 'in place of caretakers' (propter curatores), like proconsul, 'for the consul' (pro consule).
Nome: 183_breasts_milk_breast_milk milk
Quantidade de documentos: 19
The breast (mamilla) is accordingly the whole protrusion of the female breast, the nipple only the small part from which milk is drawn.
The female breasts (uber) are so called, either because they are abundant (ubertus) with milk, or because they are moist (uvida), that is to say, filled with the liquid of the milk as if they were grapes (uva).
It becomes what it is through a transformation of blood, for after birth, if any blood is not consumed as nourishment in the womb, it flows along a natural passageway to the breasts and, whitened due to their special property, it takes on the quality of milk.
Nome: 184_benignus_benignus person_regard mind_benefacere
Quantidade de documentos: 19
However, they differ in this, that the bonus person can be rather somber, and although he does well and is attentive to what is demanded of him, still he does not know how to be pleasant as a companion, whereas the benignus person knows how to be inviting to all with his sweet nature.
Still, we do not say benevolus, any more than malevolus, for often a word compounded of two bases alters either the first letter (i.e. of the second base) or the last letter (i.e. of the first base) - for benevolentia (i.e. rather than benivolentia, "benevolence") has a disagreeable sound.
Fugitive (fugitivus): nobody is correctly so called except one who flees (fugere, 3rd person fugit) froma master, for if a little boy runs away from his nurse or from school he is not a fugitivus.
Nome: 185_barley_mallow_malva_althaea
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Barley (hordeum) is so called because it becomes dry (aridum) before other types of grain, or because its ear has rows (ordo) of grain.
The mella, which the Greeks call lotos (i.e. 2Ytóç), is commonly called the 'Syrian fava bean' (faba Syrica) because of its shape and color.
The marsh mallow (althaea) is the wild mallow (malva), or malvaviscus; called althaea because it rises on high (altum), and viscus ("birdlime"; cf. viscosus, "sticky") because it is sticky.
Nome: 186_wheat_bread_leavened_leavened bread
Quantidade de documentos: 18
4. Wheat (triticum) is so called either from threshing (tritura), by means of which it may be stored in a barn after being thoroughly sifted, or because its grain is milled and 'ground up' (terere, ppl.
Acrozymus is slightly leavened bread, as if it were acroazymus. 'White wheat' (siligineus) bread is named for its type of grain, for siligo is a kind of wheat.
Sponge (spungia, i.e. spongia) bread is a mixture that is softened for a good while in water, and takes in a small portion of fine flour and a small portion of yeast; it has more moisture than any other bread, whence it took the name of the sponge.
Nome: 187_immutable_eternal_immortal_apart essential
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Certain other names are also said for God substantively, as immortal, incorruptible, immutable, eternal.
Immortal, as was written of him (I Timothy 6:16): "Who only hath immortality," because in his nature there is no change, for every sort of mutability not improperly is called mortality.
And these four terms signify one thing, for one and the same thing is meant, whether God is called eternal or immortal or incorruptible or immutable.
Nome: 188_rampart_city wall_ramparts_wall
Quantidade de documentos: 18
A 'city wall' (murus, plural muri) is so called from 'defending' (munitio), as if the term were 'to be defended' (muniri, passive infinitive of munire), because it defends and guards the inner parts of the city.
The intervallum is the space between the tops of the ramparts, that is, the tops of the posts with which the rampart is furnished - hence other things are also called 'spaces' (spatium), the term evidently derived from 'posts' (stipes, gen. stipitis).
The crown (agger) is the raised middle part of a street paved with stones heaped together (coaggerare), and named from 'mound' (agger), that is, a 'heaping together' (coacervatio).
Nome: 189_gladius_patibulum_sword_hanged
Quantidade de documentos: 18
There are various possible means of execution; among them the cross (crux), or patibulum (i.e. forked gibbet), on which men who are hanged are tormented (cruciare) or suffer (pati), whence these take their names.
The patibulum is commonly called the fork (furca), as if it were 'supporting the head' (ferre caput), for hanging on a gibbet causes death by strangling; but the patibulum is a lesser punishment than the cross.
The patibulum immediately kills those who are hanged on it, but the cross torments those nailed to it for a long time; whence in the Gospel the legs of the thieves were broken, so that they might die and be taken from the cross before the Sabbath, because those hanged from a cross could not die quickly (John 19:32).
Nome: 190_confuse terms_confuse_aen repeated_animals single
Quantidade de documentos: 18
And again, as when we gloss 'termination' (terminus) as 'end' (finis), and we interpret 'ravaged' (populatus) to be 'devastated' (vastatus), and in general when we make clear the meaning of one word by means of one other word.
Therefore propriety should be cherished, so that sometimes because of the meanness of a foul and nasty word one should use terms in a transferred sense, yet not fetched from far away, but such as seem neighbors and cognates to the true ones.
Thus by a single word two different processes are signified, because they have a single effect.
Nome: 191_sicula_lagoena_flagrum_fulgor
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Hence lashes (flagrum) and floggings and scourges (flagellum), because they resound on the body with a whistling (flatus) and a crack.
There is flogging (plaga), as if the term were flaga: but plaga and flagrum are primary in form, and flagellum is made by forming the diminutive.
Fulgus because is touches (tangere), fulgor because it ignites and burns (urere), and fulmen because it splits (findere).
Nome: 192_assembly_festival days_festival_capitolium
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Moreover, the Romans established the Kalends, Nones, and Ides with reference to festival days, or with reference to the offices of their magistrates, for on those days there would be an assembly in the cities.
Capys Silvius, king of the Albans, built Capua, named after its founder, although some say Capua was named from 'capacity' (capacitas), because its land holds (capere) all produce for living, and others say from the flat (campester) land in which it is situated.
Others say that when Tarquinius Priscus was uncovering the foundations of the Capitolium in Rome, he found on the site of the foundation the head (caput) of a human marked with Etruscan writing, and hence he named it the Capitolium.
Nome: 193_likenesses_similitudo_compares_similitude similitudo
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Parabola (parabola) is a comparison (comparatio) from dissimilar things, as (Lucan, Civil War 1.205): Like a lion seen hard by in the fields of heat-bearing Libya, he beset the enemy, where he compares Caesar to a lion, making a comparison, not from his own kind, but from another.
Paradigm (paradigma) is a model (exemplum) of someone's word or deed, or something that is appropriate to the thing that we describe either from its similar or from its dissimilar nature, thus: "Scipio perished at Hippo as bravely as did Cato at Utica."
The use of likenesses arose when, out of grief for the dead, images or effigies were set up, as if in place of those who had been received into heaven demons substituted themselves to be worshipped on earth, and persuaded deceived and lost people to make sacrifices to themselves.
Nome: 194_wily_lacunar_versutus_wily versutus
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Rutilius Lupus, Schemata Lexeos 1.4): "While you call yourself wise instead of cunning, brave instead of reckless, thrifty instead of stingy."
When he feared the same disaster that befell his brother, who was killed by his maternal uncle because of his wealth and prudence, he feigned a useful stupidity for a time.
Sluggish (segnis), that is, 'without fire' (sine igni), lacking native wit - for semeans "without" (sine), as sedulus, sine dolo (see 244 above).
Nome: 195_bark_liber inner_poplar_fir
Quantidade de documentos: 18
Liber is the inner part of the bark, so called from the bark's being 'released' (liberare), that is, set apart, for it is a kind of medium between bark and wood.
The fir (abies) is so called because it goes (ire; cf. abire, "go away") further than the other trees and towers aloft.
The alder (alnus) is so called because it is 'nourished by a river' (alatur amne), for it grows very close to water, and survives away from water with difficulty.
Nome: 196_beard_beard begins_barba_facial
Quantidade de documentos: 18
The poet Ovid describes this when he says (Met. 1.84): While the rest of the stooping animals look at the ground, he gave the human an uplifted countenance, and ordered him to see the sky, and to raise his upturned face to the stars.
The expression changes in various movements according to the will, whence the two terms for the face differ from each other, for while the face refers simply to someone's natural appearance, facial expression reveals what he has on his mind.
They are called cheekbones (mala; cf. malum, "apple") either because they protrude under the eyes in a rounded shape, which the Greeks called µ?2ov ("apple," also "cheek"), or because they are above the jaws (maxilla).
Nome: 197_camels_camel_net_camel camelus
Quantidade de documentos: 18
The camel (camelus) takes its name from its characteristics, either because, when they are being loaded, they lie down so that they become shorter and lowfor the Greeks say yaµa(c) (lit. "on the ground") for 'low' and 'short' - or because their backs are humped, for maµoUp means "curve" in Greek.
The giraffe (camelopardus) is so called because while it is speckled with white spots like the pard (pardus), it has a neck like a horse, ox-like feet, and a head like a camel (camelus).
A smaller net is called a synplagium, from 'snare' (plagae), for strictly speaking plagae is the name for those ropes by which nets are stretched at the bottom and at the top.
Nome: 198_conjunctions_conjunctions called_common communis_coniungere
Quantidade de documentos: 17
A common (communis) noun is so called because one noun has a share in both genders, as hic canis ("this male dog") and haec canis ("this female dog").
The conjunction (coniunctio) is so called because it 'joins together' (coniungere) meanings and phrases, for conjunctions have no force on their own, but in their combining of other words they present, as it were, a certain glue.
Disjunctive (disiunctivus) conjunctions are so called because they disjoin things or persons, as "let's do it, you or (aut) I." Subjoined (subiunctivus) conjunctions are so called because they are attached behind (subiungere), as -que ("and").
Nome: 199_breathing_aspiration_breathing letter_letter aspiration
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The letter H was added afterwards for aspiration alone, whence it is considered by many to be a breathing, not a letter, and it is called a mark of aspiration because it elevates the voice, for aspiration is a sound that is raised more fully.
Os, if it means "face" or "bone" should be written withan O alone; if it refers to a person, an H shouldbe put first (i.e. hos, plural accusative of the demonstrative).
Lambdacism (labdacismus) happens if two Ls are pronounced instead of one, as Africans do, as in colloquium instead of conloquium, or whenever we pronounce a single L too weakly, or a double L too strongly.
Nome: 200_soothsayers_cavatus_coclea_lobes
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The Circumcellians (Circumcellia, lit. "around the chambers") are so called because they live out in the open; people call them Cotopitae, and they possess a doctrine of heresy named above.
They are called 'lobes' (fibra) because among the pagans they were carried by the soothsayers in their sacred rites to the 'altars of Phoebus' (Phoebi ara), so that after the lobes were offered and set on fire the soothsayers might receive the god's responses.
Coclea are tall, round towers, and they are called coclea as if the word were 'cycles' (cyclea), because in them one climbs in a spiraling ring.
Nome: 201_land grows_grows_cultivated land_cultivated
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Lucerne clover, vetch, and bitter vetch are the best fodders.
. Hazelwort (asarum) grows on shady mountains, with flowers like those of casia (see viii.12 above).
It grows in friable, stony soil, or near oaks.
Nome: 202_rings_ring_wear rings_began wear
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Prometheus is said to have been the first to put on his finger a circle of iron with a stone set into it; following this practice people began to wear rings.
2. People first began to wear rings on the fourth (i.e. third) finger from the thumb, because a certain vein reaches from it to the heart, and the ancients thought that this vein should be noted and adorned by some sort of sign.
Among the Romans, rings would be distributed from the public treasury, and not indiscriminately, for rings with gems were given as an honor to men of exceptional merit, and plain rings to the rest.
Nome: 203_accidents_subject_essential_substantial
Quantidade de documentos: 17
In addition, there are things called 'secondary substances' (secunda substantia), in which types those things that were just now called substances in the principal sense are present and included, as the principal substance 'Cicero' is included in the secondary substance 'man.'
Further, 'being' (usia) is 'substance' (substantia) that is, the 'essential property' (proprium) that underlies (subiacere) the other categories; the remaining nine are accidents. 'Substance' is so called because every thing subsists (subsistere) with reference to itself.
In this and the remainder of the definitions a notice of the thing is presented, but no substantial (substantialis) explication is produced; because that first species is substantial, it holds first place among the definitions.
Nome: 204_gold silver_corinthian_corinthian vessels_vessels
Quantidade de documentos: 17
After the craftsman swore that no one else knew, Caesar ordered him beheaded, lest, if this skill became known, gold would be regarded as mud and the value of all metals would be reduced - and it is true that if glass vessels became unbreakable, they would be better than gold and silver.
Now it is the opposite (Lucretius, On the Nature of Things 5.1275): Bronze is despised and gold has attained the highest honor: thus time in its turning changes the positions of things, and what was prized becomes finally without value.
Thus Corinthian vessels were created from all the metals (i.e. gold, silver, and bronze) combined to make a single alloy that was neither one particular metal nor another.
Nome: 205_lead_white lead_black lead_pebbles
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Tiny pebbles (of lead) are mingled with the sand, especially in dried-out river beds: people wash these sands and whatever sinks down they heat in furnaces.
However, 'white lead' (cerussa), if it is baked in a furnace, produces sandarach, which as a result has a flamelike color.
23. 'White lead' (cerussa, i.e. the cosmetic ceruse) is made in this way: fill a vessel with very sour vinegar; add vine twigs to this same vessel, and on top of the twigs place very thin sheets of lead, and then close the vessel carefully and seal it so that none of the fumes can escape.
Nome: 206_multiplied make_exceeded_high number_12
Quantidade de documentos: 17
You add together a low and a high number, you divide them, and you find the mean; take, for example, the low and high numbers 6 and 12: when you join them, they make 18; you divide this at its midpoint, and you make 9, which is an arithmetic proportion, in that the mean exceeds the low number by as many units as the mean is exceeded by the high number.
By whatever part the mean exceeds the low number, by the same part the mean is exceeded by the high number.
Thus, the high number exceeds the mean by the same proportion as the low number is exceeded by the mean.
Nome: 207_iberus_ebro_hesperia_iberus ebro
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The Spanish were first named Iberians, after the river Iberus (i.e. the Ebro), but afterwards they were named Spaniards (Hispanus) after Hispalus (i.e. the legendary founder of Hispalis, Seville).
The Celtiberians descended from the Celtic Gauls, and from these names their district, Celtiberia, was named - for they were named Celtiberians after the river Iberus of Spain, where they are settled, and after the Gauls, who were called Celtic, with the two terms combined.
Furthermore there are two Spains: Inner Spain, whose area extends in the north from the Pyrenees to Cartagena; and Outer Spain, which in the south extends from Celtiberia to the straits of Cadiz.
Nome: 208_billygoats_yoke foxes_milk billygoats_foxes milk
Quantidade de documentos: 17
29. 'Acolytes' (acolythus) in Greek are called torchbearers (ceroferarius) in Latin, from their carrying candles (cereus) when the Gospel is to be read or mass is to be offered.
Jovinianists (Iovinianista) are so called from a certain monk Jovinian; they assert that there is no difference between wives and virgins, and no distinction between those who are abstinent and those who blatantly carouse.
Hence Jerome in the book he wrote On Preserving Virginity: "Thus growing girls should avoid wine as poison lest, on account of the fervent heat of their time of life, they drink it and die."
Nome: 209_simulator_dissembler_falsehood_hypocrita
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Moreover, the name of hypocrita derives from the appearance of those who go in theatrical spectacles with countenance concealed, marking their face with blue and red and other pigments, holding masks of linen and plaster of Paris decorated with various colors, sometimes also smearing their necks and hands with white clay, in order to arrive at the coloring of the character they portray and to deceive the public while they act in plays.
Thus some pictures go beyond the substance of truth in their attention to color, and in their efforts to increase credibility move into falsehood, just as someone who paints a three-headed Chimera, or a Scylla as human in the upper half and girded with dogs' heads below.
For this reason even now painters (pictor) first draw certain shadows and the outlines of the images to come, and then fill in the colors, following the order in which the art was discovered.
Nome: 210_sidon_called sidon_sicyonians_ionians
Quantidade de documentos: 17
After Phoenix, the brother of Cadmus, moved from Egyptian Thebes to Syria, he reigned at Sidon and named those people Phoenicians and the province Phoenicia after his own name.
Phoenix, brother of Cadmus, came from Egyptian Thebes into Syria and ruled over Sidon, and this province was called Phoenicia after his name.
Abydos is an island in Europe, positioned above the Hellespont, cut off by a narrow and dangerous sea; it is called *ßU6oç in Greek because it is at the entrance to the Hellespont, where Xerxes built a bridge constructed from ships and crossed over into Greece (cf. ?
Nome: 211_sequi_sedere_sequi ppl_sedda
Quantidade de documentos: 17
secutus) and 'holding' (tenere), for we use the term 'sects' of attitudes of mind and institutions associated witha precept or premise which people hold and follow when in the practice of religion they believe things that are quite different from what others believe.
Similarly, the term 'inactive ones' (resides; singular reses) is from 'remain seated' (resideo)- for the prefix dehere is augmentative.
Subordinate (secundus), because one is 'beside the feet' (secus pedes), and the term is derived from servants who follow (sequi, ppl.
Nome: 212_vis_vigor_strength virtus_vir
Quantidade de documentos: 17
A man (vir) is so called, because in him resides greater power (vis) than in a woman - hence also 'strength' (virtus) received its name - or else because he deals with a woman by force (vis).
The wether (vervex) is either named from 'force' (vis, gen. viris), because it is stronger than the other sheep, or because it is male (vir), that is, masculine; or because it has a worm (vermis) in its head - irritated by the itching of these worms they butt against each other and strike with great force when they fight.
moreover from 'vigor' (vis)] or from 'strength' (virtus) because it contains a great deal of vigor, or from 'greenness' (viriditas), or because it is a symbol of peace (i.e. as a lictor's rod), because it controls force (vis).
Nome: 213_proportion_epitrite_triple_proportion triple
Quantidade de documentos: 17
It is epitrite (epitritus), when the smaller part is contained in the larger, plus a third part of the smaller (i.e. a proportion of three and four, since four is equal to three plus one third of three).
The members of feet are divided either in equal proportion, or double, or sescuple, or triple, or epitrite.
There are, therefore, ten feet with equal proportion, six with duple proportion, one with triple proportion, seven with sescuple proportion, and four with epitrite proportion.
Nome: 214_circle called_tpoptm_ptv_circle
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The third circle is called ¡µ?ptvóç, and is called 'equinoctial' (aequinoctialis) by Latin speakers, because the sun, when it goes across to this zone, makes the day and night equal length (aequinoctium) - for the term ¡µ?ptvóç means 'day and night' in Latin.
There are two solstices: one is the estival, on June 24, from which time the sun begins to return to its lower altitudes; the other is the hibernal, December 25, when the sun begins to rise to its higher altitudes.
These equinoxes fall on March 25 and September 24, because the year formerly would be divided into two parts only, that is, the estival and hibernal solstices, as well as into the two celestial hemispheres.
Nome: 215_menses_blood sanguis_sanguis_sanies
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The 'blood vessels' (vena) are so called because they are passageways (via) for the flowing blood and conduits (rivus) spreading throughout the body, with which all limbs are supplied with fluid.
They are called 'menses' (menstrua) after the cycle of moonlight in which this flux regularly comes to pass - forin Greek the mooniscalled µ?v?.
If they are touched by the blood of the menses, crops cease to sprout, unfermented wine turns sour, plants wither, trees lose their fruit, iron is corrupted byrust, bronze turns black.
Nome: 216_baptism_font_water sacrament_water spirit
Quantidade de documentos: 17
This is the reason why baptism is enacted by water: the Lord desired that invisible thing to be granted through the congruent but definitely tangible and visible element over which in the beginning the Holy Spirit moved (Genesis 1:2).
when God is invoked the Holy Spirit descends from heaven and, when the waters have been purified, sanctifies them from itself, and they receive the power of purgation, so that in them both flesh and soul, befouled by sins, may be cleansed.
For the font (fons) in springshrines is the place of the reborn, in which seven steps are made in the mystery of the Holy Spirit; there are three going down and three coming up: the seventh is the fourth step (i.e. the bottom of the waist-deep baptismal font), and that is like the Son of Man, the extinguisher of the furnace of fire, the sure place for the feet, the foundation of the water, in which the fullness of divinity dwells bodily.
Nome: 217_veil_ornaments_bracelets_ornaments womens
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Both torques and bullae (i.e. lockets for amulets) are worn by men, but women wear monilia (necklaces) and catellae (neck-chains).
Bracelets (dextra, i.e. dextrale) are worn by both men and women, because both sexes wear them on the right hand (dextera).
Ankle bracelets (periscelis) are ornaments for women's legs, which adorn their appearance as they walk by. 'Scent bottles' (olfactoriolum) are small vessels for women, in which perfumes are carried.
Nome: 218_sanctum_sanctus_holy sanctus_holier
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Holy (sanctus), so called from an ancient custom, because those who wished to be purified would be touched by the blood (sanguis) of a sacrificial victim, and from this they received the name of holy ones (sanctus).
The term 'temple' (templum) is general, for the ancients would give the name 'temples' to all sorts of large places, and temples (templa) were so named as if they were called 'spacious shelters' (tecta ampla).
The sacrarium is properly the place in a temple where holy things (sacrum) are put away; similarly the 'temple treasurechamber' (donarium), where offerings are gathered; similarly the 'rows of seating' (lectisternium) where people are accustomed to sit.
Nome: 219_prostitute_seductive_brothels_pimp
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Pimp (leno), an arranger of lewd practice, because he charms the minds of wretched people and seduces them by cajoling (delinire, i.e. delenire).
Petulans nowadays means "bold-faced" and "saucy," but formerly "cruelly demanding people" and, strictly speaking, the agents of moneylenders who would exact what was owed frequently and harshly, called petulantes from pursuing (petere).
proseda, "prostitute") at flophouses or brothels; such a one is properly called pelex in Greek (cf. pa22am(c)ç, "concubine"); in Latin, concuba, and so called from fallacia, that is, "cunning deceit, guile, and trickery."
Nome: 220_fervidus_tongs_forfex_tongs forceps
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Varro (Latin Language 7.22) says that they are called fretum as if the word were 'violently agitated' (fervidus), that is, 'seething' (ferventia), and having the motion of 'extreme agitation' (fervor).
Tongs (forceps, plural forcipes), as if the word were ferricipes, because they seize (capere) and hold the whitehot iron (ferrum), or because we seize and hold something forvus with them, as if the word were forvicapes, for forvus means "hot" - whence also the word 'fiery' (fervidus).
The term forfex is treated in accordance with its etymology: if it is so called from 'thread' (filum), the letter f is used, as in tailors' scissors (forfex); if from 'hair' (pilus), the letter p, as in a barbers' tweezers (forpex); if from 'snatching out' (accipere), the letter c, as in blacksmiths' tongs (forceps), because they 'seize the hot thing' (formum capere).
Nome: 221_bactrians_scythians_bactrus_exiles
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The Parthians likewise take their origin from the Scythians, for they were Scythian exiles, which is still evident from their name, for in the Scythian language exiles are called parthi.
Like the Bactrians, after being driven by civil dissension from Scythia they first stealthily occupied the empty territory adjacent to the Hircanians, and then seized more land by force.
However, among the Amazons the army is not called by a trumpet, as armies that are called by kings, but their army of women is called together by the queen with a sistrum.
Nome: 222_lucina_light world_oriens_exortus sun
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The west (occidens) is so named because it makes the day perish (occidere, also meaning "set") and come to an end, for it takes the light from the world and brings on shadows.
The West (occidens) is named because it makes the day set (occidere) and perish, for it hides the light from the world and brings on darkness.
Their names were assigned for specific reasons; for Subsolanus is named because it arises beneath (sub) the rising of the sun (sol); Eurus because it blows from Ûç, that is, from the East, for it is related to Subsolanus; Vulturnus, because it 'resounds deeply' (alte tonare).
Nome: 223_human law_law nations_divine law_ius
Quantidade de documentos: 16
A law will be decent, just, enforceable, natural, in keeping with the custom of the country, appropriate to the place and time, needful, useful, and also clear - so that it does not hold anything that can deceive through obscurity - and for no private benefit, but for the common profit (communis utilitas) of the citizens.
4. Furthermore, if law is based on reason, then law will be everything that is consistent with reason - provided that it agrees with religion, accords with orderly conduct, and is conducive to well-being.
The law of nations concerns the occupation of territory, building, fortification, wars, captivities, enslavements, the right of return, treaties of peace, truces, the pledge not to molest embassies, the prohibition of marriages between different races.
Nome: 224_capitulum_neck collum_heads caput_collum
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The packhorse (caballus) was formerly called a cabo, because when walking it hollows (concavare) the ground with the imprint of its hoof, a property that the other animals do not have.
Capitals (capitolium, i.e. capitulum) are so called because they are the heads (caput, gen. capitis) of columns (columna), just as there is a head on a neck (collum).
Capitals (capitolium, i.e. capitulum or capitella) are named thus because they are the heads (caput, gen. capitis) of columns (columna), just like a head on a neck (collum).
Nome: 225_ezra_twentytwo books_esther_letters hebrews
Quantidade de documentos: 16
A transliterator fashioned the letter of one language from the similar sound of another language (i.e. derived the names and shapes of letters of similar sound from the "earlier" language); hence we can know that the Hebrew language is the mother of all languages and letters.
Ezra is thought to have written the book of Esther, in which that queen is described as having snatched her people, as a figure of the Church of God, from slavery and death.
After the Law (i.e. Torah) was burned by the Chaldeans, the scribe Ezra, inspired with the divine spirit, restored the library of the Old Testament when the Jews had returned to Jerusalem, and he corrected all the scrolls of the Law and Prophets, which had been corrupted by the gentiles, and he ordered the whole Old Testament into twenty-two books, so that there might be as many books in the Law (i.e. the Old Testament) as they had letters of the alphabet.
Nome: 226_fate_fari_fatum_fari 3rd
Quantidade de documentos: 16
There is also infamy (infamium), as if it were 'without good report' (fama), and 'report' is so called because by speaking (fari), that is, talking, it roves about, creeping through the grapevine of tongues and ears.
They distinguish Fate from Fortune: Fortune, as it were, exists in what comes by chance with no obvious cause; but they say Fate is fixed and assigned for each person individually.
Some think that the term 'fool' derives originally from admirers of Fatua, the prophesying wife of Faunus, and that they were first called fatuus because they were immoderately stupefied by her prophecies, to the point of madness.
Nome: 227_draco_crocodile_dragon draco_draconis
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Sheatfish (porcus marinus, lit. "sea pigs"), commonly called suilli (lit. "small swine"), are so named because when they seek food they root up the earth underwater like swine.
Dracontea (i.e. a plant resembling arum) is so called because its spike is varicolored like a snake, and it bears the likeness of a dragon (draco), or because a viper fears that plant.
Cinnabar (cinnabaris) is named from draco (gen. draconis, "dragon") and barrus, that is, 'elephant,' for they say that it is the blood of dragons, shed when they entwine themselves around elephants.
Nome: 228_aen vergil_1148 just_1148_1475 unlucky
Quantidade de documentos: 16
This trope occurs in three manners: from the spirit, as (Vergil, Aen. 5.407): And the large-souled son of Anchises; from the body as (Vergil, Aen. 3.619): That lofty one; from something extrinsic, as (Vergil, Aen. 1.475): Unlucky boy, no match for Achilles when he met him.
From an equal (Vergil, Aen. 1.148): And just as often when rebellion has broken out in a great populace.
2.89]): "The figure and features of the guest delighted you much more," or in tall stature, as Turnus (Aen.
Nome: 229_framea_spatha_hasta_spear
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Theword spatha ("broad sword") is from 'suffering,' from the Greek term, for the Greek pa9?±v means "to suffer," whence we say patior ("I suffer") and patitur ("he suffers").
Others assert that spatha was so named in Latin, because it is 'spacious' (spatiosus), that is, broad and large - whence also comes the term spatula (i.e. "broad piece (of meat)") with regard to livestock.
A semispathium is a sword named for its length of half a spatha and not, as the ignorant masses say, from 'without a space of time' (sine spatio), seeing that it is swifter than an arrow.
Nome: 230_honey_honeycombs_mixed honey_honey mel
Quantidade de documentos: 16
These animals, skilful at the task of creating honey, live in allocated dwellings; they construct their homes with indescribable skill; they make their honeycombs from various flowers; they build wax cells, and replenish their fortress with innumerable offspring; they have armies and kings; they wage battle; they flee smoke; they are annoyed by disturbance.
Vinegar-honey (oxymeli) is so called because it is something made from a mixture of vinegar and honey (mel), whence it has a sweet-sour taste. 'Honey of roses' (rhodomelum) is so called because the honey is mixed with essence of rose.
Mead (medus), as if it were melus, because it is made from honey (mel), just as calamitas is put for cadamitas. 'Burnt tartar' (faecula) is a decoction of plump grapes, cooked down to the thickness of honey and cooled, good for the stomach.
Nome: 231_hunters_talons_dwell_trusts cold
Quantidade de documentos: 16
These animals, as we have said, dwell in the highest crags, and if ever they espy danger from beasts or humans, they throw themselves down from the highest peaks on their horns and lift themselves up unharmed.
Vultures, just like eagles, can sense carrion even beyond the seas; indeed, when they are flying high, they can see many things from their height that are otherwise hidden by obscuring mountains.
They are messengers of the spring, socially companionable, enemies of snakes; they cross the sea, and migrate into Asia in a gathered flock.
Nome: 232_horsefly_troublesome stinging_stinging horsefly_stinging
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Rumination (ruminatio) is named from the rumen (ruma), the upper part of the gullet through which the food that has been taken down is regurgitated by some animals.
The ostrich (struthio) is named witha Greek term; this animal is seen to have feathers like a bird, but it does not rise above the ground.
from 'food' (pabulum), because they are stuffed - they are commonly called titus] is called a 'chaste bird' (avis casta) from its behavior, because it is a companion of chastity (castitas), for it is said to proceed alone after it has lost its mate, nor does it need any further carnal union.
Nome: 233_barbarism_corrupted letter_called barbarism_corrupted
Quantidade de documentos: 16
A barbarism (barbarismus) is a word pronounced with a corrupted letter or sound: a corrupted letter, as in floriet (i.e. the incorrect future form of florere, "bloom"), when one ought to say florebit ("will bloom"); a corrupted sound, if the first syllable is lengthened and the middle syllable omitted in words like latebrae ("hiding places"), tenebrae ("shadows").
It is called 'barbarism' from barbarian (barbarus) peoples, since they were ignorant of the purity of the Latin language, for some groups of people, once they had been made Romans, brought to Rome their mistakes in language and customs as well as their wealth.
Then Mixed, which emerged in the Roman state after the wide expansion of the Empire, along with new customs and peoples, corrupted the integrity of speech with solecisms and barbarisms.
Nome: 234_fearful_terror_fear congeals_congeals
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Consoler (consolator), 'comforting interlocutor'; and a consoler is so called because he focuses attention on the single (solus) person to whom he is speaking, and alleviates his solitude by talking with him.
Fearful (formidolosus), so called from formum ("warm thing"), that is, blood, because, when fleeing from the skin and the heart, the blood contracts - for fear congeals the blood, which when concentrated produces terror (formido), whence is the verse (Vergil, Aen. 3.30): And my chilled blood coagulates with terror (formido).
Fearful (timidus), because one 'is afraid for a long time' (timere diu), that is, from one's bloody humor, for fear congeals the blood, which when coagulated causes fear.
Nome: 235_virgo_virus_age just_virgin virgo
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The term 'virgin' (virgo) comes from 'a greener (viridior) age,' just like the words 'sprout' (virga) and 'calf ' (vitula).
Calves (vitulus) and heifers (vitula) are named from their greenness (viriditas), that is, their green (i.e. "vigorous") age, just as a maiden (virgo) is.
3. Pavilions (papilio, lit. "butterfly, moth") are so called from their resemblance to the little flying animals that teem especially when the mallows are flowering.
Nome: 236_thyme_incense_thymum_thyme thymum
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The thymallus takes its name from a flower - indeed the flower is called 'thyme' (thymus) - for although it is pleasing in appearance and agreeable in flavor, still, just like a flower, it smells and exhales aromas from its body.
. Frankincense (tus) is a huge and well-branched tree of Arabia, with very smooth bark and branches like the maple's, dripping a white, aromatic sap, like an almond tree, that is turned into a powder by chewing.
Epithymum (i.e. a parasitic plant growing on thyme) is a Greek name, which in Latin is called 'flower of the thyme' (flos thymi), for the thyme flower in Greek is 9áµov (and cf. sp(c), "upon").
Nome: 237_negation_universal negation_particular negation_negation universal
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The fourth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a particular affirmation and a universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
The ninth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a universal negation and a particular affirmation indirectly, as: "No wicked thing is decent; a particular decent thing is just; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
The fifth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a particular affirmation and a universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad."
Nome: 238_bricks_unfired_bricks later_called fashioned
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Bricks (later) and tiles (laterculus), because they are made in a wide (latus) mold by means of four wooden forms placed around their sides.
In Africa and Spain walls of earth are called formatum or formaceum (lit. "molded") because they are pressed into a form (forma) made from planks enclosing them on both sides rather than built up from the ground.
15. 'Flat roof-tiles' (tegula) are so named because they cover (tegere) a building, and 'curved tiles' (imbrex) because they receive the rain (imber).
Nome: 239_janus_ianua_door ianua_juno
Quantidade de documentos: 16
5. March (Martius) was named after Mars, the founder of the Roman people, or because at that time all living things are stirred to virility (mas, gen. maris) and to the pleasures of sexual intercourse.
May (Maius) is named from Maia, the mother of Mercury, or from the elders (maior) who were the leading men of the state, for the Romans dedicated this month to older people, but the following one to younger people.
They say Juno (Iuno), as if the name were Iano, that is, 'door' (ianua), with regard to the menstrual discharge of women, because, as it were, she lays open the doors of mothers for their children, and of wives for their husbands.
Nome: 240_induction_syllogisms_hypothetical_hypothetical syllogisms
Quantidade de documentos: 16
2. Hence a syllogism consists of three parts: proposition (propositio, i.e. the major premise), the additional proposition (assumptio, i.e. the minor premise), and the conclusion (conclusio).
3. Not only rhetoricians, but especially logicians use syllogisms, although the apostle Paul often puts forth major and minor premises and confirms with a conclusion - which things, as we have said, belong properly to the disciplines of logic and rhetoric.
The parts of induction are three: first the proposition (i.e. the major premise); second the 'thing brought in' (illatio, from inferre, "infer"), also called the 'additional proposition' (assumptio, i.e. the minor premise); third the conclusion.
Nome: 241_arma_arms arma_weapons_arms
Quantidade de documentos: 16
): Tectumque, laremque, armaque, Amicleumque canem (the house and the Lares and the weapons and the Amiclean dog).
Swift (alacer), with regard to speed and running, as if one would say 'winged' (aliger). 'Bearing arms' (armiger), because he 'bears arms' (arma gerere).
. Arms properly are so called because they cover the shoulders, for arms (arma) are named from 'shoulders' (armus), that is, from upper arms (umerus), as (Vergil, Aen.
Nome: 242_stade_roman miles_miles_paces
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The land extends 140 (Roman) miles in length and 40 miles in width.
Now a field containing a stade (stadialis) is 125 paces, that is, 625 feet long.
They say Hercules first established the stade, and fixed it as that distance that he himself could complete in one breath, and accordingly named it 'stade' (stadium) because at its end he caught his breath and at the same time 'stood still' (stare).
Nome: 243_ovid_met_relying_origen
Quantidade de documentos: 15
1.412): Multum nebulae circum dea fudit amictum (The goddess surrounded (them) with a thick mantle of mist), instead of circumfudit.
): If Orpheus could summon the spirit of his wife, relying on a Thracian cithara and its melodious strings, as if he meant, relying on a small unimportant object; that is, if he relies on a cithara, I rely on my piety.
These men were: Appius Claudius, Genucius, Veterius, Julius, Manlius, Sulpicius, Sextius, Curatius, Romilius, and Postumius.
Nome: 244_rota_waterwheel_wheel_orbis
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The ancients named the veredus so because it 'conveys carriages' (vehere redas), that is, it pulls them, or because it travels on public roads (via), by which carriages (reda) were also accustomed to go.
Based onshape, like the orbis (lit. "circle"), because it is round and consists entirely of its head, and like the sole (solea) because it looks like the sole (solea) of a shoe.
The globe (orbis) derives its name from the roundness of the circle, because it resembles a wheel; hence a small wheel is called a 'small disk' (orbiculus).
Nome: 245_wild beasts_produces wild_beasts serpents_griffins
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Certain natural scientists of the Physiologus say that the Chimaera is not an animal but a mountain in Cilicia that nourishes lions and she-goats in some places, emits fire in some places, and is full of serpents in some places.
Many parts of Scythia have good land, but many are nevertheless uninhabitable, for while many places abound in gold and precious stones, they are rarely visited by human beings because of the savagery of the griffins.
It is plentiful in goats and lacks deer; it nowhere produces wolves or foxes or other harmful wild beasts; there are no serpents there and no night owls, and if one comes upon the island, it dies immediately.
Nome: 246_father sky_saturn_came water_cut genitals
Quantidade de documentos: 15
They imagine that Saturn cut off the genitals of his father, the Sky (Caelus), so that the blood flowed into the sea, and that Venus was born from it as the foam of the sea solidified.
Now, it is said that Saturn cut off the male organs of his father, the Sky, and that these created Venus when they fell into the sea; this is imagined because, unless moisture descends from the sky to the land, nothing is created.
Thus, because of the promiscuous intercourse of these virgins, the youths, born of uncertain parentage, were named Spartans after the stigma of their mothers' shame.
Nome: 247_species definition_mat_definition called_called mat
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The eleventh species of definition is called mat' s22?tpsç ó2om2?poU óµo(c)oU ysvoUç in Greek, in Latin 'by the shortage of the full amount of the same kind' (per indigentiam pleni ex eodem genere) - as if it were asked what a triens is, and it were answered, "That which is short of an as by two-thirds."
The twelfth species of definition in Greek is mat? spa(c)vov, that is, 'by praise' (per laudem), as Cicero in his Defense of Cluentius (146): "Law is the mind and spirit and counsel and judgment of the citizen body."
The thirteenth species of definition is called mat? tò ppóç tt in Greek, and 'by relationship' (ad aliquid) in Latin, as is this: "A father is a man who has a son," "A master is a man who has a slave."
Nome: 248_habits_customary law_moral habits_mos
Quantidade de documentos: 15
2. Custom (mos) is longstanding usage, taken likewise from 'moral habits' (mores, the plural of mos). 'Customary law' (consuetudo) moreover is a certain system of justice (ius), established by moral habits, which is received as law when law is lacking; nor does it matter whether it exists in writing or in reason, seeing that reason commends a law.
A custom is usage tested by age, or unwritten law, for law (lex, gen. legis) is named from reading (legere), because it is written.
But custom (mos) is a longstanding usage drawn likewise from 'moral habits' (mores, the plural of mos). 'Customary law' (consuetudo) is a certain system of justice established by moral habits, which is taken as law when a law is lacking; nor does it matter whether it exists in writing or reasoning, since reason also validates law.
Nome: 249_omens_augurs_auspicious signs_auspicious
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Augurs (augur) are those who give attention to the flight and calls of birds (avis), and to other signs of things or unforeseen observations that impinge on people.
They are called 'auspicious signs' (auspicium) as if it were 'observations of birds' (avium aspicium), and 'auguries' (augurium), as if it were 'bird calls' (avium garria), that is, the sounds and languages of birds.
Augurs say that this bird by its signs is attentive to the concerns of humans, and shows the paths where ambush lies, and predicts the future.
Nome: 250_costa_ribs costa_haurit_ribs
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The protruding, fleshy parts of the chest are called the breasts (mamilla), and between them the bony part is the pectus, and what is to its right and left are the ribs (costa).
They are also known as 'organs of modesty' (pudenda) on account of a feeling of shame (cf. pudor, "shame"), or else from 'pubic hair' (pubis), by which they are also hidden with a covering.
The viscera are also called 'vital organs' (vitalia), namely the places surrounding the heart (cor), as if the word were viscora, because in that place life (vita), that is, the soul, is contained.
Nome: 251_calculus_caementum_like stone_hewing
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The Stumbling-stone (Lapis offensionis), because when he came in humility unbelievers stumbled (offendere) against him and he became a 'rock of scandal' (Romans 9:33), as the Apostle says (I Corinthians 1:23), "Unto the Jews indeed a stumbling block (scandalum)."
A calcus (lit. "pebble"), the smallest unit of weight, is one fourth of an obol, and is equivalent to two lentils.
It is called a calcus because it is so tiny, like the stone calculus, which is so small that it may be 'trodden upon' (calcare) without discomfort.
Nome: 252_compared hand_case born_nods_blindness sight
Quantidade de documentos: 15
She embraces one, nods to another, and her hand is occupied with yet another, she pinches the foot of another, gives to another a ring to look at, calls another by blowing a kiss, sings with another, and to still others gives signals with her finger.
In the thing,' as 'blindness,' 'sight.' 'In the place,' as the place of blindness and sight is 'in the eyes.' 'At the appropriate time,' as we do not speak of an infant as 'toothless' when his brief life so far has denied him teeth.
Yet others are so called due to missing parts of the body, individuals in whom one corresponding part is deficient compared with the other, as when one hand is compared with the other hand and one foot with the other foot.
Nome: 253_accomplishing toughness_applying term_adversity beborne_arms potential
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Some translate this as "God," and others as "oyUpóç, that is, "strong" (fortis), expressing its etymology, because he is overcome by no infirmity but is strong and capable of accomplishing anything.
But this much is certain: the sinews constitute the greatest part of the substance of strength, for the thicker they are, the more they are disposed to augment strength.
Armbands (armilla) are, properly speaking, for men (vir), conferred on soldiers in recognition of a victory for their valor (virtus) in arms (arma).
Nome: 254_odd_evenly_perfect_compound mean
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Odd numbers are subdivided into these categories: the primary and simple; the secondary and compound; and the tertiary and mean, which in a certain way is primary and non-compound, but in another way is secondary and compound.
An evenly odd number is one that can undergo a division into equal parts, but then its parts cannot immediately be evenly dissected, like 6, 10, 38,
5. Within the first numeric order, that is, within 10, on account of its being the first perfect number, multiplying with the first turn sixes nine times gives 54; nines six times,
Nome: 255_eximius_exmeans_prefix exmeans_valde
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Further, excelsus is so called from 'very lofty' (valde celsus), for ex is put for valde, as in eximius ("exceptional"), as it were valde eminens ("very eminent").
The first ranks of senators are called the illustres (lit. "illustrious"), the second, the spectabiles ("notable"), and the third, the clarissimi ("distinguished").
However, 'lacking experience' (expers), one who is without 'practical knowledge' (peritia) and understanding. 'Decked out' (exornatus), "very ornate (ornatus)," for the prefix exmeans "very," as in 'noble' (excelsus), as if 'very lofty (celsus),' and 'excellent' (eximius), as if 'very prominent (eminens).'
Nome: 256_issuing mother_germanus issuing_wives brothers_brothers
Quantidade de documentos: 15
However, 'maternal brothers' (germanus) are those issuing from the same mother (genetrix) and not, as many say, from the same seed (germen); only the latter are called fratres.
The term 'maternal sister' (germana) is understood just as 'maternal brother' (germanus), as issuing from the same mother.
"v?t?p?ç, "wives of brothers") as if the term were 'frequenting the doors' (ianua + terere), or through the same 'door' having 'entry' (ianua + iter).
Nome: 257_olympus_obelisk_said held_mountain macedonia
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Mount Solurius (i.e. Solorius) is named after singularity, because it alone (solus; and cf. opoç, "mountain") is seen to be higher than all the rest of the mountains of Hispania, [or else, because when the sun (sol) rises, its rays are seen there even before the sun].
Not long afterwards, seized by a serious illness, he lost his sight, and once his vision was restored after this blindness he consecrated two obelisks to the sun god. 'Obelisk' (obeliscus) is the name of the arrow that is set up in the middle of the circus because the sun runs through the middle of the world.
Moreover, the obelisk, set up in the midpoint of the space of the racetrack equidistant from the two turning-posts, represents the peak and summit of heaven, since the sun moves across it at the midpoint of the hours, equidistant from either end of its course.
Nome: 258_hercules_hydra place_hydra_closed
Quantidade de documentos: 15
But in fact Hydra was a place that gushed out water, devastating a nearby city; if one opening in it were closed, many more would burst out.
Phrixus, also fleeing with his sister Helle from their stepmother's snares, embarked on a ship bearing the sign of the ram, on which he escaped.
It is called Sigeum due to the silence of Hercules, because, denied hospitality by the Trojan king Laomedon, he feigned his departure and from there came back against Troy in silence, which is called oty?.
Nome: 259_planets_plural number_ultima_weekday
Quantidade de documentos: 15
They hold that everything is connected to the orbital paths of these planets, and they think that the planets are interconnected and in a way inserted within one another, and that they turn backwards and are carried by a motion that is opposite to the other heavenly bodies.
Lucan, Civil War 10.201): The sun divides the seasons of time: it changes the day to night, and by its powerful rays prevents the stars from proceeding, and delays their roaming courses by its ordering.
4. Ultima Thule (Thyle ultima) is an island of the Ocean in the northwestern region, beyond Britannia, taking its name from the sun, because there the sun makes its summer solstice, and there is no daylight beyond (ultra) this.
Nome: 260_curlyhaired_pecten_combs_combs pecten
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Curly-haired (calamistratus), from the 'curling iron' (calamister), that is, the iron pin made in the shape of a reed (calamus), on which hair is twisted to make it curly.
30. 'Long hair' (comae) in the strict sense of the word is hair that has not been cut, and it is a Greek word, for the Greeks call long hair caimos, from being cut, whence they also say m?(c)p?tv for shearing.
A curling iron (calamistrum) is a pin that, when heated (calefacere) and applied, heats and curls one's hair.
Nome: 261_aerarium_coin_gen aeris_aes
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The treasury (aerarium) is so called because formerly minted bronze (aes, gen. aeris) was hidden away there.
Bronze (aes, gen. aeris) money came into use first, then silver, and finally gold followed, but money still retained its name from the metal with which it began (i.e. aes continued to mean 'money' as well as 'bronze').
Bronze (aes, gen. aeris) is named from its gleaming in the 'air' (aer, gen. aeris), just as gold (aurum) and silver (argentum) are.
Nome: 262_lintels_stones held_ages destroy_boards attached
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It is fit for use as blocks and lintels, but not for inlaid panels.
The celox, which the Greeks call ms2?ç, that is, a fast bireme or trireme, is maneuverable and well suited for the service of a fleet.
instrictus) and makes something hold together, as stones held together with mud, and wood and stones held to each other.
Nome: 263_carrum_currus_wheels_carpentum
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The charioteer (auriga) is properly so called because he 'drives and guides' (agere et regere), or because he 'beats' (ferire) the yoked horses, for one who 'gouges' (aurire) is one who 'beats' (ferire), as (Vergil, Aen. 10.314): He gouges (aurire, i.e. haurire, lit. "drink") the open side.
'Wagon-maker' (carpentarius) is a specialized term, for he only makes wagons (carpentum), just as a shipbuilder (navicularius) is a builder and constructer of ships (navis) only.
A wagon (carrum) is so called from the axle (cardo) of its wheels, and hence 'chariot' (currus) is named, for it is seen to have wheels.
Nome: 264_pavement_pavements_mixed lime_rudus
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Pavements (pavimentum) that are worked out with the skill of a picture have a Greek origin; mosaics (lithostratum) are made from little pieces of shell and tiles colored in various hues.
An ostracus is a tiled pavement, because it consists of broken-up pots mixed with lime, for Greeks call pots ootpa.
An ostracus is a pavement made of tiles, so named because it is pounded from broken tiles mixed with lime, for the Greeks call pulverized tile ootpa.
Nome: 265_threshing_tpoy greek_called tpoy_trudere
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The trochee (trochaeus) is so called because it makes speedy alternations in a song, and runs quickly in meters like a wheel - for a wheel is called tpoyóç in Greek.
Others say a threshing floor is so called because it is smoothed off (eradere) for threshing grain, or because only what is dry (arida) is threshed on it.
Torques are so called because they are twisted (torquere), and bullae because in their roundness they are like a bubble (bulla) inflated in the water by the wind.
Nome: 266_geometry_figure plane_magnitudo_size magnitudo
Quantidade de documentos: 15
A planar (superficalis) number is one that is composed not only of length, but also of breadth, such as the triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, or circular numbers, and so on, which always exist in a flat (planus) region, that is, a surface (superficies).
It is said that the discipline of geometry was first discovered by the Egyptians, because, when the Nile River flooded and everyone's possessions were covered with mud, the onset of dividing the earth by means of lines and measures gave a name to the skill.
Geometry is divided into four parts: planes (planus), numeric size (magnitudo numerabilis), rational size (magnitudo rationalis), and solid figures (figura solida).
Nome: 267_carmentis_invenire_latin letters_letters greeks
Quantidade de documentos: 14
Queen Isis, daughter of Inachus, devised the Egyptian letters when she came from Greece into Egypt, and passed them on to the Egyptians.
Dionysius Lintius (i.e. Dionysius Thrax) devised the most appropriate individual patterns for all syllables, and on this account was honored with a statue.
Then, after the total number of signs had been collected, set in order, and increased in number, Seneca produced a work with five thousand signs.
Nome: 268_white flower_arabic_india arabia_trees area
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25.A kind of shadow and image of it is visible to this day in its ashes and trees, for in this area there is flourishing fruit with such an appearance of ripeness that it makes one want to eat it, but if you gather it, it falls apart and dissolves in ashes and gives off smoke as if it were still burning.
It grows in Syria and Armenia as a shrub producing seeds in clusters like grapes, with a white flower that looks like a violet's, leaves like bryony, and a good scent; it induces sweet sleep.
The squinum (i.e. schoenum,a kind of rush) that grows at the Euphrates is better than that in Arabia, tan-colored, abounding in flowers, purple, slender; it smells like a rose when it is crumbled in one's hands, and when tasted it is fiery and biting on the tongue.
Nome: 269_induere_cortinae_corium_appliedinducere called
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It is called hide (corium) by derivation from flesh (caro), because flesh is covered by it, but properly speaking the word is used in reference to brute beasts.
A garment (indumentum) is so called because on the inside (intus) it is put onto (induere) the body, as if the word were intumentum.
Whence also in that same tabernacle of the Law it is commanded that cortinae be made from the red hides of rams and from violet hides.
Nome: 270_canna_cophinus_reed canna_basket
Quantidade de documentos: 14
A channel (canalis) is so named because it is hollow like a reed (canna - a feminine noun).
8.A wicker-basket (canistrum) is woven from split reeds (canna), whence it is named; others claim that it is Greek (cf. m?vtotpov
9.A basket (cophinus) is a container made from twigs, used for cleaning up dung and carrying dirt.
Nome: 271_pearl_flecks_lazuli_opal
Quantidade de documentos: 14
The sapphire (sapphirus) is blue with purple, possessing scattered gold flecks; the finest sapphires are found among the Medes, although sapphires are nowhere truly clear.
. Cyanea (i.e. a type of lapus lazuli) is a gem from Scythia glittering with a blue sheen, either pure blue, or sometimes varied with flecks of flickering gold.
The opal (opalus) is embellished by the colors of various gemstones, for it has the rather pale fire of a carbuncle, the sparkling purple of an amethyst, and the glittering green of a smaragdus, all glowing together with a certain variegation.
Nome: 272_lector_legere ppl_legens_lingua
Quantidade de documentos: 14
Verbal (verbialis) nouns are so called because they come from the verb, as 'reader' (lector, from legere, ppl.
A lesson (lectio) is so called because it is not sung, like a psalm or hymn, but only read (legere, ppl.
The term 'languages' (lingua) is used in this context for the words that are made by the tongue (lingua), according to the figure of speech by which the thing that produces is named after the thing that is produced.
Nome: 273_radish_vegetable_carrot_human consumption
Quantidade de documentos: 14
There are several species of legumes, of which the fava bean, lentil, pea, French bean, chickpea, and lupine seed seem most favored for human consumption.
The word 'vegetable' (olus, i.e. holus) is so called from 'nourishing' (alere), because humans were first nourished by vegetables, before they ate grain and meat.
The carrot (pastinaca) is so called because its root is an excellent nourishment (pastus) for humans, for it has a pleasant aroma and is delectable as a food.
Nome: 274_luxus_dislocated_dissolute_solutus
Quantidade de documentos: 14
Voluptuous (luxuriosus), as if dissolute (solutus) with pleasure (voluptas); whence also limbs moved from their places are called luxus ("dislocated").
Whence it is also said in the beginning of the speech addressed to Job (38:3): "Gird up thy loins (lumbus) like a man," so that there would be a preparation for resistance in the very loins in which the occasion for overpowering lust customarily arises.
Boiled (elixus), because it is cooked in water only, for water is called lixa because it is a solution (solutus) - wherefore also 'giving rein' (solutio) to desire is called debauchery (luxus, noun), and dislocated limbs are described as luxus (adj., "sprained").
Nome: 275_platonists_thales_plato_stoics
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The Academics are so called from the villa of Plato, the Academy of Athens, where this same Plato used to teach.
Concerning the world, the Platonists affirm that it is incorporeal, the Stoics that it is corporeal, Epicurus that it is made of atoms, Pythagoras that it is made from numbers, Heraclitus, from fire.
Where matter is equated with God, it is the teaching of Zeno, and where we read about a fiery God, Heraclitus has intervened.
Nome: 276_pinna_penna_called bipennis_wings pinna
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The highest part of the ear is called pinnula from its pointedness, for the ancients used to call a point pinnus, whence also we get the words for 'two-headed axe' (bipinnis) and feather (pinna).
Because it is equal in its length and its curvature, the straight part of the nose is called the column (columna); its tip is pirula, from the shape of the fruit of a pear-tree (pirus); the parts to the left and right are called 'little wings' (pinnula), from similarity to wings (ala; cf. pinna, "feather"), and the middle part is called interfinium.
We speak improperly of the 'ear' (spica) of ripe fruit, for properly the ear exists when the beards, still thin like spear-tips (spiculum), project through the husk of the stalk, that is the swelling tip.
Nome: 277_smaragdus_greenness_carystean_carystean marble
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This appeared to be unsuitable, because it soils easily and harms the readers' eyesight - as the more experienced of architects would not think of putting gilt ceiling panels in libraries, or any paving stones other than of Carystean marble, because the glitter of gold wearies the eyes, and the green of the Carystean marble refreshes them.
The Bactrian smaragdus holds second place; they are gathered in seams of rock when the north wind blows, for at that time they glitter in the ground, which is uncovered because the sands are shifted a great deal by these winds.
As a substitute for that most precious stone, the smaragdus, some people dye glass with skill, andits false greenness deceives the eyes with a certain subtlety, to the point that there is no one who may test it and demonstrate that it is false.
Nome: 278_darkness tenebrae_sunny spots_shadows tenere_holds shadows
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Darkness (tenebrae) is so called because it 'holds shadows' (tenere umbras).
34. 'Sunny spots' (apricum) are places which enjoy the sun, as if the term were ?v?U ??p(c)m?ç, that is, "without cold"; or else because they are open to the sky (apertus caelo).
By contrast, shady (opacus) places are the opposite of sunny spots, as if the word were opertum caelum ("hidden sky").
Nome: 279_facere_antiquarians_craftsman_old things
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The general term 'craftsman' (artifex) is so given because he practices (facere) an art (ars, gen. artis), just as a goldsmith (aurifex) is someone who works (facere) gold (aurum), for the ancients used to say faxere instead of facere.
From this, the term was extended to the craftsmen of other industrial materials, and to their workshops (fabrica), but with a modifier, as in the 'wood craftsman' and the rest, because of the solidity (firmitas), as it were, of their products.
A 'cauterizing iron' (cauterium), as if the word were cauturium, because it burns (urere), and a forewarning and severe cautioning (cautio) is branded on the animal so that greed may be restrained when the owner is identified.
Nome: 280_aqua_level_aequor_water aqua
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Water (aqua) is so named because its surface is 'even' (aequalis), hence it is also called aequor (lit. "level surface," used metaphorically for the sea), because its height is even.
The sea-surface (aequor) is named because it is evenly (aequaliter) raised up, and although surging waters may swell up like mountains, when the storms have quieted the sea-surface returns to flatness.
Water (aqua) is generally so named because its surface is level (aequalis) - hence also 'the sea' (aequor, lit. any level expanse).
Nome: 281_plebeians_elders city_populace_elders
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. Primary (principalis) nouns, because they hold a primary position, and are not derived from another word, as 'mountain,' 'fount.'
5.A populace (populus) is composed of a human multitude, allied through their agreed practice of law and by willing association.
A populace is distinct from the plebeians (plebs), because a populace consists of all the citizens, including the elders of the city.
Nome: 282_concerning vergil_vergil cf_ecl_cf concerning
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When we say, "Vergil wrote the Bucolics," we continue with the pronoun, "he (ipse) wrote the Georgics," and thus the variation in expression both removes annoyance and introduces ornament.
The second argument is 'from generality' (a genere), when a maxim is spoken concerning the same genus, as Vergil (cf.
Concerning this, Vergil says (Ecl.
Nome: 283_fovea_gluttonous_pit fovea_toles
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In the Gallic language toles (cf. classical Latin toles, "goiter") - what in the diminutive are commonly called tonsils (tusilla, i.e. tonsilla) - is the name for the part in the throat that often swells up (turgescere).
The epiglottis (sublinguium) is a covering of the gullet, a kind of small 'tongue' (lingua), which opens or closes the aperture of the tongue.
The gnat (culex) is named from 'sting' (aculeus) because it sucks blood, for it has a tube in its mouth, like a needle, with which it pierces the flesh so that it may drink the blood.
Nome: 284_reigns_honorary_latinus_mercy
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But he does not govern who does not correct (corrigere); therefore the name of king is held by one behaving rightly (recte), and lost by one doing wrong.
Now in later times the practice has arisen of using the term for thoroughly bad and wicked kings, kings who enact upon their people their lust for luxurious domination and the cruelest lordship.
Cato, On His Own Innocence (1; i.e. Orations 73): "When Iwas a legate in the provinces, a great many people would give the praetors and consuls 'honorary' wine.
Nome: 285_murena_sarabarae_muraena_mavors
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The Massagetes are of Scythian origin, and they are called Massagetes because they are 'weighty,' that is, 'strong' Getae - for Livy speaks of silver as weighty, that is, as 'masses' (cf. massa, "mass").
It is called mavors as if the term were Mars, for it possesses the mark of marital (maritalis) dignity and authority, for man is the head of woman, whence this garment is worn over a woman's head.
14.A murena (lit. "eel") is so called in common usage, because a chain of a flexible kind, made of pliant tube-beads of gold metal, suitable for adorning the neck, is made in the likeness of a serpentine murena.
Nome: 286_silva_thicket_fruitbearing_saltus
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Others would take arbustum as the place where trees grow, like the term for 'willow thicket' (salictum); and likewise (i.e. with a similar derivational ending) virectum ("greensward"), where there are new and green (virere) bushes.
4.A shrub (frutex) is a short growth, so called because by its foliage it covers (fronde tegit) the ground; the plural of this word is 'shrubbery' (frutectum).
However, any plant may be called gramen, from the fact that it sprouts (germinare), just as robur ("oak," or more generally "wood") is the term for every kind of wood, as well as for the particular species, because oak is the strongest.
Nome: 287_icon_siphons_upwards_2oy
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In brief, when it is livened in its breath (i.e. when the air within it is heated) by a small flame, it is immediately positioned so that it completely covers the place on the body where a cut has been made, which then heats up under the skin or deeper and draws either a humor or blood to the surface.
From there this fire is spread to the eyes and to the other sense organs and limbs, and through its heat the liver converts the liquid that it has drawn to itself from food into blood, which it furnishes to individual limbs for sustenance and growth.
They use these in the East, for when they realize that a house is burning they run with siphons filled with water and extinguish the fire, and they also clean ceilings with water forced upwards from siphons.
Nome: 288_happy_love good_happiness_good things
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But in greater causes, where we deal with God or human salvation, more magnificence and brilliance should be displayed.
Finally wealth struggles against poverty, right thinking against depravity, sanity against madness - in sum, good hope against desperation in every circumstance."
Happy (felix) is one who gives happiness (felicitas), happy, one who receives it, and happy the thing by which happiness is given, as a 'happy time,' a 'happy place.'
Nome: 289_materia_materia meaning_called material_sinking
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Devil (diabolus) in Hebrew is translated as "sinking downwards," because he disdained to stand quiet in the height of the heavens, but, due to the weight of his pride, sinking down he fell.
("matter," also "wood, woodland"), which is not formed in any way, but is capable of underlying all bodily forms; from this material the visible elements (elementum) are formed, whence they took their name from this derivation.
All wood, moreover, is called 'material' (materia, also meaning "timber") because something can be made from it; the term will be materia whether you apply it to a door or to a statue.
Nome: 290_prayer_divisions_prayers_300
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With regard to time it has truly been said (I Thessalonians 5:17), "Pray without ceasing," but this applies to individuals; in a religious community there is a service at certain hours to signal the divisions of the day - at the third hour, the sixth, and the ninth (i.e. Terce, Sext, and Nones) - and likewise the divisions of the night.
But we also read that Daniel observed these times in his prayer (Daniel 6:13), and in any case it is the teaching from the Israelites that we should pray not less than three times a day, for we are debtors of three - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - not counting, of course, other prayers as well, which are due without any notice being given, at the onset of day or of night or of the watches of the night.
Moreover, he who wishes for his prayer to fly to God should make two wings for it, fasting and almsgiving, and it will ascend swiftly and be clearly heard.
Nome: 291_medicine_disciplines_art consists_pt virtue
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3. Plato and Aristotle would speak of this distinction between an art and a discipline: an art consists of matters that can turn out in different ways, while a discipline is concerned with things that have only one possible outcome.
To medicine belong not only things practiced by the skill of those properly called physicians (medicus), but also matters of food and drink, clothing and shelter.
Thus medicine is called the Second Philosophy, for each discipline claims for itself the entire human: by philosophy the soul is cured; by medicine, the body.
Nome: 292_linear_numerus_discrete_discretus
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30. 'Grammatical number' (numerus) is so named because it shows whether a noun is singular or plural. 'Morphological form' (figura), because nouns are either simple or compound.
Continuous numbers are divided into linear (linealis), planar (superficialis), or solid (solidus) numbers.
A continuous (continens) number is one that is composed of conjoined units, [as], for example, when the number 3 is understood in terms of its magnitude, that is, in its linear dimension, or is said to be containing (continens) either a space or a solid; likewise for the numbers 4 or
Nome: 293_grammar_grammatical art_liberal_letters called
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. Letters are either common or liberal. 'Common (communis) letters' are so called because many people employ them for common use, in order to write and to read. 'Liberal (liberalis) letters' are so called because only those who write books (liber), and who know how to speak and compose correctly, know them.
Thirty divisions of the grammatical art are enumerated by some, that is: the eight parts of speech, enunciation, letters, syllables, feet, accent, punctuation, critical signs, spelling, analogy, etymology, glosses, differentiation, barbarisms, solecisms, faults, metaplasms, schemes, tropes, prose, meter, tales, and histories.
This discipline teaches how we should spell, for just as grammatical art treats of the inflection of parts of speech, so orthography treats of the skill of spelling.
Nome: 294_cypress_juniper_yews_3680 coniferous
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The wood of cypress is closest in character to cedar - it also is suitable for the timbers of temples; its impenetrable solidity never gives way under a burden, but it retains its initial strength.
The ancients used to pile cypress branches near their funeral pyres so that the pleasant quality of the cypress scent would mask the odor of the corpses when they were burned.
The juniper (iuniperus) is so called in Greek either because it peaks into a narrow tip from a wide base, like fire, or because once kindled it stays on fire a long time - so muchso that if a live coalof its woodwere to be covered with ash it would last up to a year.
Nome: 295_lignum_cortex_firewood lignum_lignum called
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But in fact amber is not the sap of the poplar tree but of the pine tree, for when it is burned it gives off the fragrance of pine pitch.
This last prefix lends its meaning because when it is struck with iron claws the bark of the wood exudes a sap of excellent scent through its cavities - for in Greek a cavity is called òp?.
The same person is called a tignarius because he applies plaster to the wood (cf. tignum, "piece of timber, beam").
Nome: 296_muscles_brawn_called brawn_brachium
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This is called the brawn, that is, the muscles (musculus): and they are called the brawn (torus) because at that place the sinews seem to be twisted (tortus).
Muscles (lacertus), otherwise known as 'mice' (mus), because in the individual limbs they take the 'place of the heart' (locus cordis), just as the heart itself is in the center of the whole body, and they are called by the name of the animals they resemble, that lurk under the earth, for muscles (musculus) are so called from their similarity to mice.
Muscles are also called brawn (torus), because there the innards appear to be twisted (tortus).
Nome: 297_titans_revenge_jupiter_account size
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He was from Lampsacus, a city on the Hellespont, whence he was banished, and on account of the size of his male member the Greeks translated him to the roster of their gods and held him sacred as the deity of gardens.
Moreover, they say that the Titans of Greece were a robust people of preeminent strength who, the fables say, were created by the angry Earth for her revenge against the gods.
The fables feign that in war the Titans were overwhelmed by Jupiter and made extinct, because they perished from thunderbolts hurled from the sky.
Nome: 298_sibyls_sibyl_prophesies called_prophesies
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A verse (versus, also meaning "furrow") is commonly so called because the ancients would write in the same way that land is plowed: they would first draw their stylus from left to right, and then 'turn back' (convertere) the verses on the line below, and then back again to the right - whence still today country people call furrows versus.
In the Greek language all female seers are generally called Sibyls (sibylla), for in the Aeolian dialect the Greeks called God otóç, and mind ßoU2?; the mind of God, as it were.
And just as every man who prophesies is called either a seer (vates) or a prophet (propheta), so every woman who prophesies is called a Sibyl, because it is the name of a function, not a proper noun.
Nome: 299_avus_grandfather_adnepos_tritavus
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A greatgrandfather (proavus) is the grandfather's father, as though he were 'close to the grandfather' (prope + avus).
The trinepos is the son of the adnepos, because he is fourth in line after the nepos - as if the word were tetranepos ("fourth" + "grandson").
The father of my father is my grandfather (avus), and I am his grandson (nepos) or granddaughter (neptis).
Nome: 300_declined cases_pound_pugna_declined
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The dispondeus and ditrochaeus and diiambus are so called because they are double iambs, spondees, and trochees.
Hence also the dipondius (i.e. dupondius) is named, as if it were duo pondera ("two pounds"); this term has been retained in usage up to today.
A battle (pugna) is so called because originally people used to fight wars with their fists (pugnus), or because a war would first begin with fistfights (pugna).
Nome: 301_gladiolus_gourd_leaves like_edible
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The oleander (rhododendron), which commonly and incorrectly is called lorandrum because its leaves are like laurel (laurus), has a flower like a rose (cf. pó6ov, "rose").
Its root is like that of a triangular rush, its leaves like a leek's, its roots black or close to the color of olive roots, and it is very odoriferous and sharp.
The vulvus (i.e. bulbus, "edible bulb, onion") is so called because its root is rounded (volubilis) and spherical. 'French lavender' (stoechas) grows on the Stoachades islands, whence it is named.
Nome: 302_pecus_livestock pecus_livestock_called peculium
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Moneyed (pecuniosus): Cicero (Republic 2.16; see 155 above) relates that at first those people were so called who had a lot of livestock (pecunia), that is, cattle (pecus), for so the ancients would call such people.
There is a distinction between the terms pecora (i.e. the plural of pecus, neuter) and pecudes (i.e. the plural of pecus, feminine), for the ancients commonly used to say pecora with the meaning "all animals," but pecudes were only those animals that are eaten, as if the word were pecuedes (cf. esse, 1st person edo, "eat").
Others, as mentioned above, named money after livestock, just as beasts of burden (iumentum) are named after 'helping' (iuvare), for among the ancients every inheritance was called peculium from the livestock (pecus) of which their entire property consisted.
Nome: 303_tablets_wax tablets_graphium_iron stylus
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Before the use of papyrus sheets or parchment, the contents of letters were written on shingles hewn from wood, whence people called the bearers of these 'tabletcouriers' (tabellarius).
1. 'Wax tablets' (cera) are the stuff of letters, the nourishers of children; indeed (Dracontius, Satisfactio 63), They give intelligence to boys, the onset of sense.
Afterwards it was established that they would write on wax tablets with bones, as Atta indicates in his Satura, saying (12): Let us turn the plowshare and plow in the wax with a point of bone.
Nome: 304_trumpet_wartrumpet_signal_trumpet tuba
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Military standards (signum) are so called because an army receives from them its signal for retreat both in the course of fighting and in the case of victory, for an army is ordered either by the sound of a trumpet or by a signal flag.
A war-trumpet (bucina) is the means by which a signal is given to go against an enemy, so called from its 'sound' (vox, gen. vocis), as if it were vocina - for villagers and country people on every occasion used to be called together to their meeting place by a war-trumpet; properly therefore this signal was for country people.
3. Hence afterwards in battles it was used for announcing military signals so that, where a herald could not be heard amid the tumult, the sound of a blaring trumpet (tuba) would reach.
Nome: 305_asserted_theodosians_bishop constantinople_gaianites
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The Photinians (Photinianus) are named from Photinus, the bishop of Sirmium in Gallograecia, whoencouragedtheheresyofthe Ebionites and asserted that Christ was conceived by Mary with Joseph in conjugal union.
The Nestorians (Nestorianus) are named from Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, who asserted that the blessed Virgin Mary was the mother not of God, but of a mere human, so that he would make one person of the flesh and the other of the godhead.
The Theodosians (Theodosianus) and the Gaianites (Gaianita) are namedfrom Theodosiusand Gaianus, whowere ordained as bishops on asingleday by theselection of a perverse populace in Alexandria during the time of the ruler Justinian.
Nome: 306_leo_lion_dracaena_dragoness
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A monster to which a woman gave birth, whose upper body parts were human, but dead, while its lower body parts came from diverse animals, yet were alive, signified to Alexander the sudden murder of the king - for the worse parts had outlived the better ones.
There are accounts of certain monstrous metamorphoses and changes of humans into beasts, as in the case of that most notorious sorceress Circe, who is said to have transformed the companions of Ulysses into beasts, and the case of the Arcadians who, when their lot was drawn, would swim across a certain pond and would there be converted into wolves.
And just as the word leaena ("lioness") is formed from leo ("lion"), and dracaena ("dragoness") from draco ("dragon"), so gallina ("hen") is formed from gallus.
Nome: 307_jerusalem_temple jerusalem_hang air_built temple
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In this text, after the crossing of the Jordan the kingdoms of the enemy are destroyed, the land is divided for the people, and the spiritual kingdoms of the Church and the Heavenly Jerusalem are prefigured through the individual cities, hamlets, mountains, and borders.
Once this land was more fertile than Jerusalem, but today it is deserted and scorched, for due to the wickedness of its inhabitants fire descended from heaven that reduced this region to eternal ashes (Genesis 19:24-25).
A certain architect in Alexandria built a temple vault from magnets, so that in it a statue made of iron might seem to hang in the air.
Nome: 308_tuba_tubal_flutes_flute
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Thus we also get 'flute player' (tibicen), as if from tibiarum cantus ("song of flutes").
Little by little, many types of these instruments came into existence, such as psalteries, lyres, barbitons, phoenices and pectides, and those types called Indian, which are plucked by two performers at the same time.
This trumpet was conceived of by Tyrrhenian pirates, when, scattered along the seashore, they were not easily called together by voice or bucina to each opportunity for booty, especially with the wind roaring.
Nome: 309_cancer_crab_oysters_musculus
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Shellfish (concha) and 'water snails' (cochlea) are so named because during the waning moon they are 'hollowed out' (cavare), that is, they are emptied out, for all the enclosed sea animals and shellfish have their body parts swell up with the waxing of the moon, and shrink back with its waning.
With marvelous ingenuity they live on oyster flesh, for, because the oyster's strong shell cannot be opened, the crab spies out when the oyster opens the closed barricade of its shell, and then stealthily puts a pebble inside, and with the closing thus impeded, eats the oyster's flesh.
The mussel (musculus), as we have said above (see section 6), is a shellfish from whose milt oysters conceive, and they are called musculus as if the word were masculus (i.e. "male").
Nome: 310_arctophylax_argives named_argos_argives
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So it was with Callisto, daughter of King Lycaon, since according to legend she had been ravished by Jupiter and changed by Juno into a bear, which is ?pmtoç in Greek; after her death Jupiter transferred her name, along with that of his son by her, into the Septentriones, and called her Arctus and her son Arctophylax (see sections 6-9 above).
The Thracians are thought to have descended and taken their name from the son of Japheth named Tiras, as was said above (section 31 above), although the pagans judge that they were named for their behavior, because they are ferocious (trux, gen. trucis).
Lake Avernus was named because birds (avis) were unable to fly over it, for in an earlier time it was so surrounded with a thick forest that the overpowering odor of its sulfurous water, evaporating in an enclosed space, would kill the birds flying over it with its exhalation.
Nome: 311_u6yp_cf u6yp_water u6yp_hydra
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The enhydros is a small beast so named because it dwells in water (cf. u6Yp, "water"), particularly in the Nile.
The chelydros is a snake that is also known as the chersydros, as if it were cerim, because it dwells both in the water and on land; for the Greeks call land yspooç and water u6Yp.
Enhydros is named from water (cf. u6Yp, "water"), for it exudes so much water that you might think there is a gushing fountain closed up in it.
Nome: 312_gobetween_medial_letter removed_aurora
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Thus aurora is the prelude of the day as it grows light and the first brightness of the air, which is called Ûç ("dawn") in Greek.
Mercury (Mercurius) is translated as "speech," for Mercury is said to be named as if the word were mediuscurrens ("go-between"), because speech is the gobetween for people.
Among the ancients, moreover, it was named laudea; afterwards, with the letter d removed and r substituted it was called laurus - just like auricula ("ear"), which originally was pronounced audicula, and medidies, which is now pronounced meridies ("midday").
Nome: 313_glass_clear glass_obsidian_like glass
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Anything contained inside other minerals is hidden, but any sort of liquid or visible thing contained in glass is displayed to the outside; although closed up, in a certain way the contents are revealed.
Thus glass is heated by pieces of light dry wood, and when copper and natron are added with continuous firing so that the copper is melted, lumps of glass are produced.
The highest esteem is granted to clear glass with its close similarity to crystal, whence glass has replaced the metals silver and gold for drinking vessels.
Nome: 314_oxifalus_xi_congius_banks
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Add a sixth and it makes a congius, for a congius is six (sex) sextarii, and from this the sextarius takes its name.
6. (o If the xi has a Latin O joining it, it indicates an acitabulus, which the Greeks call an oxifalus.
Biremes (biremis) are ships having a double bank of oars (remus).
Nome: 315_semen_eggs_excessive thickness_sterile
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Among female fish, some conceive by means of intercourse with a male, and bear offspring, while others deposit their eggs formed without any involvement on the part of the male, who, after the eggs have been deposited, floods them with the casting of his seed.
Some eggs are conceived by means of empty wind, but eggs are not fertile unless they have been conceived by coition with the male and have been penetrated by the seminal spirit.
Sardinia has hot springs that bring healing to the sick and blindness to thieves if they touch their eyes with this water after an oath has been given.
Nome: 316_aranea_tarmus_vermin_vermin vermis
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Indeed, many creatures naturally undergo mutation and, when they decay, are transformed into different species - for instance bees, out of the rotted flesh of calves, or beetles from horses, locusts from mules, scorpions from crabs.
There are flesh vermin: the hemicranius, the mawworm, the ascaris, the costus, the louse, the flea, the nit (lens), the tarmus, the tick, the usia, the bed-bug.
In particular, vermin (vermis, here specifically "maggots") are generated in putrid meat, the mothworm in clothing, the cankerworm in vegetables, the wood-worm in wood, and the tarmus in fat.
Nome: 317_pupils_pupillus_bereft_papula
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The pupil (pupilla) is the middle point of the eye in which the power of vision resides; because small images appear to us there, they are called pupils, since small children are called pupils (pupillus,a term for a minor under the care of a guardian).
There are many who use the form pupula, but it is called pupilla because it is pure (pura) and unpolluted (inpolluta), just like 'young girls' (puella).
Other 'bereft ones' (orbus) are called orphans (orphanus), the same as are those called pupilli; for orphanus is a Greek word and pupillus a Latin word.
Nome: 318_agnomen_nomen_nomen called_descriptio
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The agnomen (agnomen) is an 'acquired name' (accedens nomen), as in 'Metellus Creticus,' so named because he subdued Crete: the agnomen comes from some outside cause.
3. Appellative nouns (appellativum nomen) are so called because they are common and make reference to many things (cf. appellare, "name").
Aristotle called this oáµßo2ov (sign), and Cicero adnotatio (symbolization), because by presenting their model it makes known (notus) the names and words for things.
Nome: 319_forbade_abhor_alexanders gates_anthropophagians rough
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The Tatianites (Tatianus) are named from a certain Tatian; they are also called the Encratites (Encratita), because they abhor meat (cf. symp?t?ta, "self-control").
Indeed, they were the most savage of all nations, and many legends are recorded about them: that they would sacrifice captives to their gods, and would drink human blood from skulls.
The Trochodites (i.e. Troglodytes) are a tribe of Ethiopians so called because they run with such speed that they chase down wild animals on foot (cf. tpoy?S?tv, "run quickly"; tpsy?tv, "run").
Nome: 320_action preserves_ambidextrous aequimanus_aequimanus_aequimanus term
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This same left side carries the shield, the sword, the quiver, and the remaining load, so that the right side may be unhampered for action.
A testudo ("siege shed," lit. "tortoise") is an effective defense against the ballista; it is an armored wall made by interlocked shields.
When it is held opposed to the enemy, by its defense it guards the body from spears and darts.
Nome: 321_hatred odium_odium_amabilis_called hatred
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. Rivalling (aemulus), striving for the same thing as an imitator (imitator) and lover (amabilis) of it; at other times it comes to mean "inimical."
Hateful (exosus) is so called from hatred (odium), for the ancients would say both odi ("I hate") and osus sum ("I hate"; an alternative older form of the verb), and from this is exosus, which we use even though we no longer say osus.
Hater (osor), "inimical," so called from hatred (odium), just as the word 'lover' (amator) is from 'love' (amor).
Nome: 322_albus_white albus_elbus_albus hair
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The Scythian peoples in regions of Asia Minor, who believe that they are descendants of Jason, are born with white (albus) hair because of the incessant snow, and the color of their hair gave the nation its name - hence they are called Albanians.
It was called Alba, 'White,' because of the color of a sow, and Longa because the town is elongated, in keeping with the great extent of the hill on which it is sited.
Elbidus (i.e. helvacea; cf. helvus, "yellowish," and XVII.v.26) is named from the color elbus, for elbus is the middle color between black and white, and the term elbus is taken from 'white' (albus).
Nome: 323_synod_nicene_councils_synod chalcedon
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The canons of general councils began in the time of Constantine, for in earlier years, with persecution raging, there was little opportunity for teaching the common people.
Under Constantine the holy Fathers, gathering from all the world in the Nicene Council, promulgated in accordance with evangelic and apostolic faith the second (Nicene) Creed, following after the Apostles' Creed.
These are the four principal synods, most abundantly preaching the doctrine of our faith; and any other councils that the holy Fathers, filled with the spirit of God, sanctified endure in all their vigor supported by the authority of these four, whose accomplishments are recorded in this work.
Nome: 324_intervene_constellations intervene_occur constellations_shaped according
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Tetragonals (tetragonus) occur when two constellations intervene.
Asyndetic figures occur when no constellations intervene.
When they have been smoothed to an equal thickness, the carpenter's square connects these rulers at the tips so that they make a triangular shape.
Nome: 325_length roundness_columns_column_colus
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There are four kinds of round columns: Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, and Corinthian, differing among themselves in the ratio of thickness to height.
This derives from the Hebrew language and is called cor from its similarity to a mound, for Hebrew speakers call mounds corea - for thirty modii heaped up together look like a mound, and equal the weight that a camel carries.
Columns (columna) are named for their length and roundness (cf. colus, "distaff"; see xxix.2 below); the weight of the entire building rests on them.
Nome: 326_synagogue_zion_speculatio_synecdoche
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Pharoah called him Zaphanath, which in Hebrew signifies "discoverer of hidden things," because he laid bare the obscure dreams and predicted the blight.
In accordance with its present-day wandering the Church is called Zion, because from the imposed distance of this wandering one may 'watch for' (speculari) the promise of celestial things, and for that reason it takes the name 'Zion' (Sion), that is, watching (speculatio).
The apostles, on the other hand, never said "our synagogue," but always "our church," either so as to make a distinction between the two, or because there is some difference between 'congregation,' from which synagogue takes its name, and 'convocation,' from which church takes its name: no doubt because cattle, which we properly speak of in 'herds' (grex, gen. gregis), are accustomed to 'congregate' (congregare); and it is more fitting for those who use reason, such as humans, to be 'convoked.'
Nome: 327_solecism_schema_construction words_group words
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Thus a solecism is a group of words that are not joined by the correct rule, as if someone were to say inter nobis ("between us," with nobis in the wrong case) instead of inter nos, or date veniam sceleratorum ("grant forgiveness of sinners") instead of sceleratis ("to sinners").
It is called solecism from the Cilicians, who came from the city Soloe, now called Pompeiopolis; when, while dwelling among other peoples, they mixed their own and other languages incorrectly and incongruously, they gave their name to solecism.
Schemas (schema, plural schemata) are translated from Greek into Latin as 'figures of speech' (eloquium figurae), which occur in words and phrases in various forms of speaking, for the sake of ornamenting speech.
Nome: 328_nicolaites_justified_nazarite_nazaraeus
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Nebuchadnezzar, "prophecy of the narrow flask," or "one who prophesies" a symbol of this kind, namely with regard to the dream of future things that he is reported to have seen, which Daniel interpreted; or, "a lingering in the recognition of difficulties," with regard to those who were led by him into captivity.
Naphtali: the principle in his name has to do with "conversion" or "comparison" (comparatio), whence Rachel said, when her maid Bilhah had given birth to him, "God hath made me live in a dwelling with my sister."
2. Further, Christians were formerly called Nazarenes (Nazaraeus) by the Jews as if in opprobrium, because our Lord and Savior was called 'the Nazarene' after a certain township of Galilee.
Nome: 329_called spirit_inspires_said die_soul said
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From this it follows that the soul also is said to die, not because it is changed and turned into body or into some other substance, but because everything is considered mortal that in its very substance is now, or once was, of a different sort, in that it leaves off being what it once was.
They name the souls of deceased people of some importance with this term, as if it were ??pYaç, that is, men of the air (aerius) and worthy of heaven on account of their wisdom and strength.
- for soul is so called because it is alive: spirit, however, is so called either because of its spiritual (spiritalis) nature, or because it inspires (inspirare) in the body.
Nome: 330_impious_piety_shameful_accusation shameful
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In words, when someone is said to have used words that are ugly and not appropriate to someone's authority, as if someone were to defame Cato the Censor himself as having incited young people to wickedness and lechery.
An inofficiosus (lit. "undutiful") testament is one that does not observe the duty (officium) of natural piety, and is made to the benefit of non-family members, disinheriting the children for no good reason.
1): O Flaccus Lucentus, my life, I seek for myself neither emeralds nor glittering beryl, nor white pearls, nor those little rings that the Thynian (Tunnicus) file has polished, nor jasper stones.
Nome: 331_rhythmicus_rhythmic rhythmicus_harmonicus_harmonic
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For sound is emitted either by the voice, as through the throat, or by blowing, as through a trumpet or a flute, or by plucking, as with the cithara, or any other sort of instrument that is melodious when plucked.
The first division of music, which is called harmonic (harmonicus), that is, the modulation of the voice, pertains to comedies, tragedies, or choruses, or to all who sing with their own voice.
The second division is organicus, and it is produced by those instruments that, when they are filled with the breath that is blown into them, are animated with the sound of a voice, like trumpets, reed pipes, pipes, organs, pandoria, and instruments similar to these.
Nome: 332_affinitatibus_affinitatibus nutriment_aforementioned relationships_arise related
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Some call this figure the 'chain' (catena), because one term is as it were linked to another, and in this way more ideas are conveyed in the doubling of the words.
. 'Quantity' is the measure by which something is shown to be large or small, as 'long,' 'short.' 'Quality' expresses 'of what sort' (qualis) a person may be, as 'orator' or 'peasant,' 'black' or 'white.' 'Relation' is what is 'related' (referre, ppl.
Nutriment (alimentum) is that by which we are nourished (alere), and support (alimonium) is responsibility for nourishing.
Nome: 333_tribunes_tribunes tribunus_tribuere_tribunus
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The separate courts and assemblies of the people are called tribes (tribus), and they are so called because in the beginning the Romans had been separated by Romulus 'into three groups' (trifarie): senators, soldiers, and plebeians.
That office was established in the sixth year after the kings (i.e. of Rome) were driven out, for when the common people were oppressed by the senate and consuls they created for themselves tribunes to act as their own judges and defenders, to safeguard their liberty and defend them against the injustice of the nobility.
The Roman people were divided into three groups so that those who were preeminent in each group were called 'tribunes' (tribunus), whence they also named the payments that the people gave 'tributes.'
Nome: 334_cluster_botryo_solium_solemn
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A 'solemn feast' (sollemnitas) is so called from its holy rites, a day adopted in such a way that for religious reasons it ought not to be changed.
It is named from 'customary' (solitus), that is, firm and solid (solidus), [or because it is customarily (solere) performed in the church year].
The throne (solium), on which kings sit for the safety of their bodies, is so called, according to some, for its 'solidity' (soliditas), as if it were solidum; according to others the word is formed by antistichon (i.e. by antistoechum, "substitution of letters") as if the word were sodium, from 'sitting' (sedere).
Nome: 335_penitence_confession_sin_sin does
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This penitential weeping bears the likeness of a fountain, because if by chance, when the devil attacks, some sin creeps in, by the satisfaction of penitence it is washed away.
But reconciliation (reconciliatio) is what is granted after the completion of penitence, for as we are won over (conciliare) to God when we are first converted from paganism, so we are reconciled (reconciliare) when after sinning we return by penitence.
confessus) our sin to the Lord - not indeed as if he were ignorant, for nothing is hidden from his knowledge; but a confession (confessio) is an 'explicit acknowledgment' (professa cognitio) of a thing, namely of that which is unknown.
Nome: 336_willow_calamus called_arundo called_boat carries
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It is also known as the litoraria, and as the caudica, made from a single hollowed piece of wood (cf.
The rudens is a ship's rope, so named from excessive creaking (cf. rudere, "creak loudly").
The ruler (regula) is so named because it is straight (rectus), as if the term were rectula, and smooth.
Nome: 337_succentor_singing_sings_chanter
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The term 'antiphon' (antiphona) translated from the Greek, means "reciprocal voice," specifically when two choruses alternate in singing with their order interchanged, that is, from one to the other.
There are said to be two types of chanter in the art of music, corresponding with the names learned people have been able to give them in Latin, the precentor (praecentor) and the succentor (succentor).
We also speak of a co-chanter (concentor), one who 'sings at the same time' (consonare), but he who sings at the same time but does not 'sing jointly' (concinere) willnot be called co-chanter.
Nome: 338_carthage_carthago_dido_founded phoenicians
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Carthago (i.e. a Carthaginian colony in Spain, presentday Cartagena) has given its name to the Tagus (i.e. the Tajo), a river of Spain that issues from that city.
When Dido, also a Phoenician, had journeyed to the shore of Africa, she founded a city and named it Carthada, which in Phoenician meant "new city."
The Africans, occupying the coasts of Spain under Hannibal, built New Carthage (Carthago Spartaria; i.e. Cartagena).
Nome: 339_aegyptus_language egyptians_isis_egyptians
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Now Isis, daughter of king Inachis, was a queen of the Egyptians; when she came from Greece she taught the Egyptians literacy and established cultivation of the land, on account of which they called the land by her name.
In the Hebrew language 'Egyptians' means "afflicters," because they afflicted the people of God before they were liberated with divine assistance.
Egypt (Aegyptus), which was formerly called 'Aeria,' later took its name from Aegyptus, brother of Danaus, who reigned there.
Nome: 340_javelins_5208 ironpointed_javelins trudis_ironpointed javelins
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Crowbars (vectis) are so called because they are carried (vectare) in the hands, whence doors and stones are 'pried loose' (vellere), but they do not pertain to punishments of law.
A club (clava) is of the kind that belonged to Hercules, so called because it is bound with rows of iron nails (clavus).
Gardeners call the long beam with which they draw water a telo (cf. tolleno, "swing-beam"), and it is so called because of its length, for whatever is long is called t?2óv in Greek (cf. t?2?, t?2ou, "far off") - hence also they say 'weasel' (mustela) as if it were a 'long mouse' (mus).
Nome: 341_zones_regions inhabited_zones zona_certain regions
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There are five zones (zona) in the heavens, and based on their differences, certain regions are inhabited due to their temperate climate, and certain regions are uninhabitable from the brutality of the cold or heat.
Our dwelling-place is divided into zones according to the circles of the sky and has allowed some regions to be inhabited due to their mildness, and denied this to other regions due to their excessive cold or heat.
There are five zones, which are either called zones (zona, lit. "belt") or circles because they consist of a circle drawn around the sphere of the world.
Nome: 342_scabies_lepra_scaliness_roughness
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Impetigo (impetigo) is a dry scurf, rising from the skin with a rough surface in a round patch - the common word for this is sarna.
Scabies and lepra (i.e. leprosy or psoriasis): either affliction presents a roughness of the skin with itching and scaliness, but scabies is a mild roughness and scaliness.
In the human body lepra is recognized in this way: either when its various colors appear in different places among the healthy parts of the skin, or when it spreads all over, so that it makes the whole skin one color, although it is abnormal.
Nome: 343_service_functus_officio_given signal
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Also the cessation of hostilities at a given signal, and the military discipline for the disgrace of deserting one's post; also the method of distributing military pay, the hierarchy of ranks, the honor of rewards, as when a crown or torques are given.
45. 'Military service' (militia) is so called from 'soldiers' (miles, gen. militis), or from the word 'many' (multus), as if the term were multitia, being the occupation of many men, or from a mass (moles) of things, as if the word were moletia.
In service by oath (sacramentum) each soldier after his election swears not to quit his service until after his hitch has been completed, that is, his period of service - and those are the ones who have a full service record, for they are bound for twenty-five years.
Nome: 344_quills_persians wear_turban_persians
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But the Persians, not finding wood in the fields for building houses, and with communication inhibited by the unknown language, wandered through open fields and diverse deserts.
The hedgehog (ericium) is an animal covered with quills, from which it is said to be named because it stiffens (subrigere) itself up with its quills when it is cornered; with these quills it is protected on all sides against attack.
The Jews circumcise the foreskin, the Arabs pierce their ears, the Getae with their uncovered heads are blond, the Albanians shine with their white hair.
Nome: 345_naked_athletes_gymnasium_gymnasium called
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The Gymnosophists (Gymnosophista) are said to philosophize naked (cf. yUµvóç, "naked") in the shady solitudes of India, wearing garments only over their genitals.
Gymnasiums (gymnasium) are so called because there athletes are trained, with their bodies anointed and massaged, for yUµv?otov in Greek means "training" in Latin.
Arena-ball, which is played in a group, when, as the ball is thrown in from the circle of bystanders and spectators, they would catch it beyond a set distance and begin the game.
Nome: 346_ceres_ceres greece_discoverer grain_use grain
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Whence the Greeks say he has the name Cronos, that is, "time" (cf. ypóvoç), because he is said to have devoured his sons: that is, he rolls back into himself the years that time has brought forth; or it is because seeds return again to the place from where they arose.
Here the question is in what manner Ceres in Greece first established the turning of the soil with iron - with whatever kind of iron implement, not specifically with the plowshare or plow.
Ovid records this, saying (Met. 5.341): Ceres first broke up the earth with her curved plow, she first brought grains and kindly food to the lands.
Nome: 347_circus_games_turningposts_circuitus horses
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The origin of games is said to be thus: Lydians from Asia settled as immigrants in Etruria with their leader Tyrrhenus, who had yielded to his brother in a dispute over the kingdom.
Varro, however, says that games were so called from 'amusement' (lusus), because youths on festival days would entertain the populace with the excitement of games.
The circus (circensis) games are so called either from 'going in a circle' (circumire), or because, where the turning-posts are now, formerly swords were set up which the chariots would go around - and hence they were called circenses games after the 'swords around' (ensis + circa) which they would run.
Nome: 348_amphitheater_theater_half amphitheater_spectacle
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A theater (theatrum) is named from 'spectacle' (spectaculum), from the term 9?Yp(c)a ("spectacle"), because people standing in it and watching (spectare) from above gaze at stage-plays.
And an amphitheater (amphitheatrum) is so called because it is composed of two theaters (cf. ?µ??(c), "on both sides"), for an amphitheater is round, but a theater consists of half an amphitheater, having the shape of a semicircle.
The amphitheater (amphitheatrum) is so called because it is composed of two theaters, for an amphitheater is round, whereas a theater, having a semicircular shape, is half an amphitheater.
Nome: 349_measure modus_modus_modicus_perfectus
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Modicus, "little," but incorrectly; otherwise, "reasonable," "moderate" (moderatus), from measure (modus) and temperance.
The term 'proper measure' (modus) may be applied to modest things, for we incorrectly use modicus for small things, not speaking properly.
A coffer (mozicia), as if it were modicia, whence also the word 'a little' (modicum), with z for d, as the people of Italy are wont to say ozie for hodie.
Nome: 350_suere_sutor_sutor named_blanket
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They are also called allies (socius) because of their alliance (societas) in danger and in work, as if they wore a single kind of shoe (cf. soccus, "shoe") and kept to the same track.
Shoemakers (sutor) are so named because they sew (suere), that is, they stitch together, with boar bristles (seta; and cf. sus, "pig") worked into their thread, as if the word were setor.
A packsaddle (sagma), which is incorrectly called salma by common people, is so named from its covering of coarse blanket (sagum), whence a packhorse is called sagmarius, and a mule, sagmaria.
Nome: 351_onyx_carnelian sardius_sardius_carnelian
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3. Onyx (onyx) is so named because it possesses a white layer mixed in it that is similar to the human nail.
4. Sardonyx is so called from a combination of two names, from the luster of onyx and from carnelian (sardius).
5. Arretine (Arretinus) dishes are named for the Italian city Arretium (i.e. Arezzo), where they are made, and they are red.
Nome: 352_oratio_oratory_orare_oris
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A 'prayer' (oratio) means a "petition" (petitio), for to pray (orare) is to beseech (petere), just as to 'pray successfully' (exorare) is to obtain (impetrare).
Orator (orator), so called from mouth (os, gen. oris), and named from 'complete a speech' (perorare), that is, "speak," for to orate (orare) is to speak.
is as it were a 'place of prayers of propitiation' (oratorium propitiationis), for a propitiation is an appeasing.] Oracles (oraculum) are so called because from there responses are given, and oracles are from the 'mouth' (os, gen. oris).
Nome: 353_history_annals_history historia_annals history
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Indeed, among the ancients no one would write a history unless he had been present and had seen what was to be written down, for we grasp with our eyes things that occur better than what we gather with our hearing,
3. Annals (annales) are the actions of individual years (annus), for whatever domestic or military matters, on sea or land, worthy of memory are treated year by year in records they called 'annals' from yearly (anniversarius) deeds.
But history (historia) concerns itself with many years or ages, and through the diligence of history annual records are reported in books.
Nome: 354_frost_turnip_navew_winter
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When it approaches closer to the north, it brings summer back, so that crops grow firm in ripeness, and what was unripened in damp weather mellows in its warmth.
It has great shrewdness, for it provides for the future and prepares during the summer what it consumes in the winter; during the harvest it selects the wheat and does not touch the barley.
As Aemilianus (i.e. Palladius) says (Treatise on Agriculture 8.2.2), a turnip in one soil turns into a navew after two years, while in another soil the navew turns into a turnip.
Nome: 355_basilicas_sermon_bathing_a2avov place
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The dwellings of kings were called 'basilicas' (basilica) at first, whence they take their name, for the term ßaot2?áç means "king", and basilicas, "royal habitations."
The ambo (pulpitum) is so called because the reader or psalmist stationed in it can be seen by the people (populus) in public (publicum), so that he may be heard more easily.
A basin (labrum) is so called because the bathing (labatio, i.e. lavatio) of infants is usually done in it; its diminutive is labellum.
Nome: 356_thunder_lightning_bright thunder_flash
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Thunderstruck (attonitus), as if fired with a certain madness and stupefied, called 'thunderstruck' from the crash of thunderclaps (tonitrus), as if stupefied by a thunderclap and close to a nearby lightning strike.
A flash of lightning is produced at the same time as the thunder, but it is seen sooner because it is bright; thunder reaches the ears later.
Lightning (fulgur) and the 'lightning bolt' (fulmen), the strokes of a celestial dart, are named from 'striking' (ferire); for to 'flash' (fulgere) is to 'strike' and to 'cut through.'
Nome: 357_skin callum_callum_callum foot_laced
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The back part of the soles is called the heel (calcis, i.e. calx); the name was imposed on it by derivation from 'hardened skin' (callum), with which we tread (calcare) on the earth (cf. solum, "soil"); hence also calcaneus (i.e. another word for 'heel').
Boots (caliga) are named either from the thick skin (callum) of the foot or because they are laced (ligare), for socci are not laced, but only slipped on.
Spurs (calcar) are so called because they are bound to a person's heel (calx), that is, on the back part of the foot, for goading horses either to fight or to run, on account of animals' laziness or fear.
Nome: 358_scorpio_scorpion_scorpions_scorpion scorpio
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Thus Ovid (Met. 15.369): If you take its curved arms from a crab on the shore a scorpion will emerge and threaten with its hooked tail.
The scorpion is an animal armed with a sting, and was named from this in Greek (cf. omopp(c)oç), because it stings with its tail and infuses venom through the bow-shaped wound.
A 'scorpion' (scorpio) is a poisoned arrow, shot by a bow or a catapult, that releases a poison at the spot where it pierces the person whom it strikes - whence it receives its name scorpio.
Nome: 359_venom_venom cold_felt_activity increases
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Of all the venomous creatures its force is the greatest; the others kill people one at a time, but the salamander can slay many people at once - for if it should creep in among the trees, it injects its venom into all the fruit, and so it kills whoever eats the fruit.
When they are cold they injure no one; hence their venom is more noxious during the day than at night, for they are sluggish in the chill of the night, and understandably so, since they are cold in the evening dew.
Venom (venenum) is so named because it rushes through the veins (vena), for its destructive effect, once infused, travels through the veins when bodily activity increases, and it drives out the soul.
Nome: 360_cubes_cubus_cube cubus_breadth height
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Solid figures are those that are composed of length, breadth, and height, as for example the cube (cubus).
A cube (cubus) is, properly, a solid figure that consists of length, breadth, and height (fig.).
These are the diametric (diametrus), or quadratic (quadratus, i.e. tetragonal), or triangular (trigonus), or hexagonal (hexagonus), or asyndetic (asyndetus), or coincident (simul), or circumferent (circumferre), that is, they are either 'carry to a higher degree' (superferre) or 'are carried.'
Nome: 361_manes_forgetful_called gods_manasseh
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Pagans (paganus) are named from the districts (pagus) of the Athenians, where they originated, for there, in rural places and districts, the pagans established sacred groves and idols, and from such a beginning pagans received their name.
Those who the pagans assert are gods are revealed to have once been humans, and after their death they began to be worshipped among their people because of the life and merit of each of them, as Isis in Egypt, Jupiter in Crete, Iuba among the Moors, Faunus among the Latins, and Quirinus among the Romans.
They think these gods are named Manes after the term for air, which is µavóç, that is "sparse," or because they spread (manare) widely through the heavens - or they are called by this name because they are mild, the opposite of monstrous (immanis).
Nome: 362_gloriosus_gloriosus called_illustrious_glorious
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Ignominy is so called because one who is apprehended in some crime ceases to have the reputation of honesty.
Glorious (gloriosus), so called from an abundance of distinction (claritas), with the letter g exchanged for c. Gloriosus is so called from the laurel wreath (laurea) that is given to victors.
Illustrious (inlustris) is a term for fame, because a person shines in many ways because of the splendor of his family or wisdom or strength; the opposite of an illustrious person is one of obscure birth.
Nome: 363_nimrod_flood_founded mesopotamian_mesopotamian city
Quantidade de documentos: 11
Nimrod means "tyrant," for first he seized unwonted tyrannical power among the people, and then himself advanced against God to build the tower of impiety.
But some, inexperienced with Holy Scripture (i.e. Genesis 6:4), falsely suppose that apostate angels lay with the daughters of humans before the Flood, and that from this the Giants were born - that is, excessively large and powerful men - and filled the earth.
Nimrod (Nembroth), son of Chus, founded the Mesopotamian city Edessa after he moved from Babylon, and he reigned there.
Nome: 364_sphaera_sphere_sphere sphaera_shape called
Quantidade de documentos: 11
They say that this sphere has neither a beginning nor an end, and this is so because it is round, just like a circle, and it may not easily be comprehended at what point it begins, or where it ends.
Now philosophers say that the sky is completely convex, in the shape of a sphere, equal on every side, enclosing the earth, poised in the center of the world's mass.
Even though they may be constructed as squared off and wide, they still look round to those observing from far off, because everything appears round whose angular shape disappears and is lost across a long stretch of air.
Nome: 365_picts_minotaur_satyriasis_pictus
Quantidade de documentos: 11
103. 'Hairy ones' (Pilosus, i.e. a satyr) are called Panitae in Greek, and 'incubuses' (incubus) in Latin, or Inui, from copulating (inire) indiscriminately with animals.
The Satyrs are little people with hooked noses; they have horns on their foreheads, and feet like goats' - the kind of creature that Saint Anthony saw in the wilderness.
Nor should we omit the Picts (Pictus), whose name is taken from their bodies, because an artisan, with the tiny point of a pin and the juice squeezed from a native plant, tricks them out with scars to serve as identifying marks, and their nobility are distinguished by their tattooed (pictus) limbs.
Nome: 366_ratum_true person_truthful_habilis
Quantidade de documentos: 11
And a 'valid act' (ratum) is, as it were, rational (rationabile) and just (rectus), whence he who pledges says "I declare this to be valid (ratum)," that is, firm and lasting.
Contemptible (contemptibilis), either because 'worthy of contempt' (contemptui habilis), or because disdained (contemptus) and base (vilis), that is, without honor.
True (verus), from truth (veritas); hence also verax ("truthful"). 'Truth' is prior to 'true,' because truth does not derive from a true person, but a true person from truth.
Nome: 367_nare_odor_ablative nare_able discern
Quantidade de documentos: 11
Wise (sapiens), so called from taste (sapor), because as the sense of taste is able to discern the taste of food, so the wise person is able to distinguish things and their causes, because he understands each thing, and makes distinctions with his sense of the truth.
Smell (odoratus) is so called as if it meant 'touched by the smell' (odoris adtactus) of the air, for it is activated when the air is touched.
Nostrils (naris, ablative nare) are so called, because through them odor and breath ceaselessly 'swim' (nare), or because they warn us with odor, so that we 'know' (noscere, with forms in nor-) and understand something.
Nome: 368_portent_portent portentum_portentum_nature contrary
Quantidade de documentos: 11
The term 'portent' (portentum) is said to be derived from foreshadowing (portendere), that is, from 'showing beforehand' (praeostendere). 'Signs' (ostentum), because they seem to show (ostendere) a future event.
Some portents seem to have been created as indications of future events, for God sometimes wants to indicate what is to come through some defects in newborns, and also through dreams and oracles, by which he may foreshadow and indicate future calamity for certain peoples or individuals, as is indeed proved by abundant experience.
The alites are those that seem to show the future by their flight (cf. ala, "wing"); if they are unpropitious, they are called inebrae, because they inhibit (inhibere), that is, they forbid; if they are propitious, they are called praepetes.
Nome: 369_strands_hair_strands hair_veneris
Quantidade de documentos: 11
Hair (capilli) is so called as if it came from 'strands belonging to the head' (capitis pilus), made so as both to be an ornament, and to protect the head against the cold and defend it from the sun. 'Strands of hair' (pilus) are so called after the skin (pellis) from which they grow, just as the pestle (pilo, i.e. pilum) is so called froma mortar (pila), where pigment is ground.
67. 'Venus's hair' (capillum Veneris) is so called because it reestablishes hair (capillum) lost from alopecia, or because it discourages hair loss, or because it has smooth, black shoots that shine like hair.
It is not simply in clothing but in physical appearance also that some groups of people lay claim to features peculiar to themselves as marks to distinguish them, so that we see the curls (cirrus, perhaps "topknot") of the Germans, the mustaches and goatees of the Goths, the tattoos of the Britons.
Nome: 370_lesser number_multiple_submultiple_number multiple
Quantidade de documentos: 11
11.A multiple superparticular number is one that, when compared to a number less than itself, contains with itself the entire lesser number multiple times, along with another part of the lesser number.
A submultiple [sub]superparticular number is one that, when compared to a number greater than itself, is contained by that number a multiple of times along with one other part of itself; as for example, when 2 is compared to 5, 2 is contained by 5 two times, along with one part of 2.] A multiple superpartional (superpartionalis) number is one that, when compared to a number less than itself, contains the lesser number a multiple number of times along with some other parts of the lesser number.
A submultiple superpartional number is one which, when compared to a number greater than itself, is contained by that number a multiple number of times, together with some other parts of itself.
Nome: 371_hairy_torch_arrow torch_account stars
Quantidade de documentos: 11
): In every way like Mercury, in voice and coloring and blond hair and handsome youthful limbs.
He is imagined to hold an arrow and a torch; an arrow because love wounds the heart, and a torch because it inflames.
His lower half is bestial, representing trees and brutes like livestock.
Nome: 372_baia_harbor_declension_ancients harbor
Quantidade de documentos: 11
The Fortunate Isles (Fortunatarum insulae) signify by their name that they produce all kinds of good things, as if they were happy and blessed with an abundance of fruit.
An anchorage (statio) is where ships stay (stare) for a while; a harbor (portus), where they winter; an unsuitable (inportunus) place, however, is one where there is no refuge, in a manner of speaking, no harbor.
The ancients would call it a harbor 'for shipping' (baia), from conveying (baiolare) merchandise, with the same declension - baia, gen. baias - as the declension familia, gen. familias ("household").
Nome: 373_spirit father_father son_spirit proceeds_born holy
Quantidade de documentos: 11
Although the Father is spirit and the Son is spirit, and the Father is holy and the Son is holy, properly nevertheless this one is called Holy (sanctus) Spirit, as the co-essential and consubstantial holiness (sanctitas) of both the others.
Further, just as we speak of the unique Word of God properly by the name of Wisdom, although generally both the Holy Spirit and the Father himself are wisdom, so the Holy Spirit is properly named by the word Charity, although both the Father and the Son are in general charity.
For we say 'Father' not with respect to himself, but with respect to his relation to the Son, because he has a son; likewise we speak of 'Son' relationally, because he has a father; and so 'Holy Spirit,' because it is the spirit of the Father and the Son.
Nome: 374_deceit_terror_8364_4381 pursue
Quantidade de documentos: 11
Some concessive (concessivus), which would inhibit by urging, as (Aen. 4.381): Go, pursue Italy on the winds, seek your kingdom across the waves.
The Greek word 'antidote' (antidotum) means 'derived (datum) from the opposite' in Latin, for opposites are cured by opposites in accordance with the methodology of medicine.
A suppressed (suppressus) testament is one that was not openly made public, thus defrauding the heirs or the legatees or the freedmen.
Nome: 375_sulfur_fullers_kinds sulfur_burns person
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The 'living' kind, which is dug up, is translucent and green; physicians use it alone of all the kinds of sulfur.
When a person puts sulfur in a goblet of wine and carries it around with hot coals beneath he glows with the eerie pallor of a corpse from the reflection of the blaze.
Charcoal becomes even stronger when it is thought to have perished, for, when it has been relit, it burns with an even stronger light.
Nome: 376_end finis_finis_leads_living creatures
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The first is intelligence, the second wealth, the third age, the fourth luck, the fifth art, the sixth usage, the seventh necessity, the eighth the coincidence of chance happenings.
The first age has the creation of the world as its beginning, for on the first day God, with the name of 'light,' created the angels; on the second, with the name of the 'firmament,' the heavens; on the third, with the name of 'division,' the appearance of waters and the earth; on the fourth, the luminaries of the sky; on the fifth, the living creatures from the waters; on the sixth, the living creatures from the earth and the human being, whom he called Adam.
The End (Finis), either because he deigned at the end (finis) of time to be born and to die humbly in the flesh and to undertake the Last Judgment, or because whatever we do we refer to him, and when we have come to him we have nothing further to seek.
Nome: 377_wretchedness_woman girded_syrtes_scylla
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And with regard to this last, by way of refutation (anasceva) we should ask whether they who concocted those things did not wish to mean something else, as that Scylla lived not as a sea-hag, but as a seaside-dwelling woman, not girded by dogs, but as someone rapacious and inhospitable to visitors.
People tell of Scylla as a woman girded with the heads of dogs, with a great barking, because of the straits of the sea of Sicily, in which sailors, terrified by the whirlpools of waves rushing against each other, suppose that the waves are barking, waves that the chasm with its seething and sucking brings into collision.
Sallust (War with Jugurtha 78.3) says they are called Syrtes from 'dragging' (cf. oápt?ç, "cord for dragging, rein," from oáp?tv, "drag") because they drag everything towards themselves, and they cling fast to whoever approaches the shallows of the sea.
Nome: 378_saba_saba written_sabellians_sabtah
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Simon 'Bar-Jonah' in our tongue means "son of a dove," and is both a Syrian and a Hebrew name, for Bar in the Syrian language is "son," 'Jonah' in Hebrew is "dove," and BarJonah is composed of both languages.
The Sabellians (Sabellianus) are said to have sprouted from this same Noetus, whose disciple, they say, was Sabellius, by whose name they are chiefly known - hence they are called Sabellians.
The sons of Cush: Saba (i.e. Seba), Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Seba, and Cuza.
Nome: 379_enthymeme_syllogism_epichireme_incomplete syllogism
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Hence 'enthymeme' is translated into Latin 'conception of the mind' (conceptio mentis), and writers on the art usually call it an incomplete syllogism, because its form of argument consists of two parts, as it employs what aims to arouse conviction while bypassing the rule of syllogisms.
There are five branches of enthymeme: first the convincing, second the demonstrating, third the sententious, fourth the exemplifying, and fifth the collective (convincibilis, ostentabilis, sententialis, exemplabilis, collectivus).
And the significance of internecivus is that is refers to the destruction (enectio), as it were, of an individual - for they used to put the prefix interin place of e-: Naevius (fr. 55): "mare interbibere" ("to drain the sea") and Plautus (fr. 188): "interluere mare" ("to wash away the sea"); that is, ebibere and eluere.
Nome: 380_psaltery_psalms_psalterium_psaltery psalterium
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The psaltery (psalterium), which is commonly called canticum (lit. "song"), takes its name from 'singing to the psaltery' (psallere), because the chorus responds in harmony with the voice of the psaltery.
Thusa 'canticle of a psalm' occurs when what a musical instrument plays, the voice of the singer afterwards sounds, but a 'psalm of a canticle' when the art of the instrument being played imitates what the human voice sounds first. 'Psalm' is named from the instrument called a psaltery, whence the custom is for it not to be accompanied by any other kind of playing.
lectus) and psalmists (psalmista) from singing psalms, for the former pronounce to the people what they should follow, and the latter sing to kindle the spirits of their audience to compunction - although some readers also declaim in so heart-rending a way that they drive some people to sorrow and lamentation.
Nome: 381_bread chalice_chalice_2724_5016 offered
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The Greeks call the sacrament of this bread and chalice the 'Eucharist' (Eucharistia), which in Latin means 'good favor' (bona gratia) - and what is better than the blood and body of Christ?
Now Christ is the Lamb (Agnus) for his innocence, and the Sheep (Ovis) for his submissiveness, and the Ram (Aries) for his leadership, and Goat (Haedus) for his likeness to sinful flesh,
Pontius, "he who shuns counsel," especially that of the Jews, for, taking water, he washed his hands, saying (Matthew 27:24), "I am innocent of the blood of this just man."
Nome: 382_convent_conventus_convent coenobium_cuneus
Quantidade de documentos: 10
From this a convent (conventum, i.e. a monastic convent, usually conventus) is named, just as a conventus is a gathering, an assembly, from the association of many in one.
Hence, because it assembles in one place, this 'gathering in one place' (coitio in unum) is named a cuneus, as if the word were couneus, because all are assembled in one place.
Celibate (caelebs), one having no part in marriage, of which kind are the numinous beings in heaven (caelum), who have no spouses - and caelebs is so called as if the term were 'blessed in heaven' (caelo beatus).
Nome: 383_begotten genitus_unbegotten ingenitus_trinity father_ingenitus
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The mystery of baptism is not completed unless one is named, accompanied by the naming of the Trinity, that is, of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as the Lord said to the apostles (Matthew 28:19), "Go, teach ye all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."
But he is called the Only-Begotten (unigenitus) according to the peerless quality of his divinity, for he is without brothers; he is called the First-Begotten (primogenitus) with regard to his assuming of human nature, in which he deigned through the grace of adoption to have brothers, among whom he was the first begotten.
The Origenians (Origenianus) began with their founder, Origen; they say that the Son cannot see the Father, nor the Holy Spirit see the Son.
Nome: 384_lungs_lung_pvua_airpassages
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Cough (tussis) is named after the term for 'depth' in Greek, because it comes from deep in the chest, as opposed to higher in the throat, where the uvula tickles.
The word for the pores (porus) of the body is Greek - these in Latin properly are called air-passages (spiramentum), because through them the enlivening breath (spiritus) is supplied from the outside.
124. 'Lung' (pulmo) is a word derived from Greek, for the Greeks call the lung p2?áµYv, because it is a fan (flabellum) for the heart, in which the pv?uµa, that is, the breath, resides, through which the lungs are both put in motion and kept in motion - from this also the lungs are so named.
Nome: 385_ailment choked_astringent_bite rabid_astringent force
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It is caused either by the bite of a rabid dog or from its froth cast upon the ground.
Its force is such that a strong person suffering from it falls down and froths at the mouth.
Its power is so concentrated that, when sprinkled into the mouths of lions and bears, they are unable to bite because of its astringent force.
Nome: 386_account generating_aelatus_aspirated say_aelatus elatus
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Rheum (reuma) in Greek is called eruption (eruptio) or discharge (fluor) in Latin.
The Greeks say that gout (podagra) was named after its swelling of the feet (cf. poáç, gen. po6óç, "foot") and its deadly pain.
From ebullire also derives the word 'bubble' (bulla), which is supported in the water by the breath of air within.
Nome: 387_swallow swallow_swallow_called sleep_consumption tisis
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Consumption (tisis, i.e. phthisis) is an ulceration and swelling in the lungs, which is usually contracted more easily by young people.
In Greek, the stomach (stomachus) is called 'mouth,' because it is the gateway of the belly, and it receives food and passes it on to the intestines.
6. Dormice (glis) are so called because sleep makes them fat, for we say that to grow is to 'swell' (gliscere).
Nome: 388_tunic_hands manus_wiping_manicae
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The tunic (tonica, i.e. tunica), that very ancient article of clothing, is so called because it makes a sound when the person wearing it walks, for a sound is a 'tone' (tonus).
Likewise the pectoralis tunic because the ancients wore it short so that it only covered the chest (pectus, gen. pectoris), although nowadays it extends further.
The face towel (facietergium) and hand towel (manitergium) are named from wiping (tergere) the face (facies) or hands (manus).
Nome: 389_geo vergil_geo_says geo_vergil geo
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A person is continent (continens) because he 'holds himself back' (abstinere) from many evils.
Concerning it Vergil says (Geo. 4.168): They keep the drones, a lazy flock, from the hives.
Of it, Vergil (Geo. 1.178): First the threshing floor should be leveled with a huge roller (cylindrus) and turned over by hand.
Nome: 390_shadow comes_light illuminated_happens moon_earths shadow
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Others maintain on the contrary that the moon does not have its own light, but is illuminated by the rays of the sun, and for this reason undergoes an eclipse when the earth's shadow comes between it and the sun.
Hence it happens that when the moon is beneath the sun, the upper part of the moon is lighted, but the lower part, which is facing the earth, is dark.]
This happens to the moon on the fifteenth lunar day, until it leaves the central part and the shadow of the intervening earth and sees the sun, or is seen by the sun.
Nome: 391_day works_reptiles_110 animals_10325 vulgate
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And the mindlessness of the pagans is to be marveled at; they set not only fish, but even rams and goats and bulls, bears and dogs and crabs and scorpions into the sky.
The animals are four because, by their preaching, the faith of the Christian religion has been disseminated through the four corners of the earth.
They are moreover called animals (animalia) because the Gospel of Christ is preached for the sake of the soul (anima) of a person.
Nome: 392_skirmishes_pignus_contests_battles
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The paragraph (paragraphus) is placed so as to separate topics which run on in sequence, just as in a catalog, places are separated from each other, and regions from each other, and in the competitions, prizes are separated from each other, and contests from other contests.
A pignus is that which is given in place of something borrowed, and when the loan is returned, the pignus is immediately given back, but an arra is that which is given first, in partial payment for property purchased with a contract of good faith, and afterward the payment is completed.
Formerly a war was called a duel (duellum), because there are two (duo) factions in combat, or because war makes one the victor, the other the defeated.
Nome: 393_fluvia_plumes_streams fluvia_flowing
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We can also refer to rains (pluvia) as 'leisurely' and 'continual,' just like streams (fluvia) or flowing (fluens) things.
4. Downpours (imber) have to do with both clouds and rains, and are named with a Greek term (cf. oµßpoç, "rainstorm") because they soak (inebriare) the ground so that germination can take place.
But whenever rivers, swollen with unusual rains, overflow to a degree that is beyond what is normal in duration or magnitude, and cause widespread destruction, they too are called 'floods.'
Nome: 394_orpheus_tolus_anadiplosis_tityrus orpheus
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Amphibolia is ambiguous speech that occurs with the accusative case, as in this answer of Apollo to Pyrrhus (Ennius, Annals 179): Aio te , Aeacida, Romanos vincere posse (I say that you, scion of Aeacus, can conquer the Romans - or - I say that the Romans can conquer you, scion of Aeacus).
. Anadiplosis (anadiplosis) occurs when a following verse begins with the same word that ended the previous verse, as in this (Vergil, Ecl. 8.55): Certent et cygnis ululae, sit Tityrus Orpheus, Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinas Arion (And let the screech-owls compete with the swans, let Tityrus be Orpheus, an Orpheus in the woods, an Arion among the dolphins).
Mullei are similar to coturni (see section 5 above), with elevated soles, but the upper part has a buckletongue (malleolus) of bone or brass, to which thongs are fastened.
Nome: 395_kin_maternal kin_firstcousins_patruus
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2. 'Maternal kin' (cognatus) are so called because they are also linked by nearness of kinship (cognatio).
Maternal kin are considered as after the paternal kin because they issue from people of the female sex, and are not paternal kin, but are related otherwise by natural law.
16. 'Paternal uncle' (patruus) is the brother of one's father, as if the term were pater alius ("another father").
Nome: 396_immunis_impostor_stipulator_official
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Tax-payer (assiduus) was the term among the ancients for one who had to contribute a payment to the public treasury in money (as, gen. assis), and also was busy with public affairs - hence also it should be written with an s, not with a d (i.e. not adsiduus).
Executor (i.e. an official who summoned to court and enforced the court's mandate), from 'carry out' (exequi, ppl.
Again, immunis, one who does not fulfill his duties (munia), that is, perform his official function, for he is devoid of any special claim.
Nome: 397_swan_beaks birds_bird greeks_bellua bodies
Quantidade de documentos: 10
It is called 'swan' (olor) because it is 'entirely' white in its plumage; for no one mentions a black swan; in Greek 'entire' is called o2oç.
They are similar to coots in shape, the size of a swan, white in color, with large hard beaks.
As for the rest, they are Strongyle (i.e. Stromboli), Didyme, Eriphusa, Hephaestia, Phaenicusa, Euonymos, Tripodes, and Sonores.
Nome: 398_exomologesis_antonomasia_litanies_litanies exomologesis
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And so exomologesis is the discipline of a person's prostrating and humiliating himself in dress and food, to lie in sackcloth and ashes, to smear his body with filth, to cast down his spirit in mourning, to transform with harsh treatment those things which are at fault.
But between litanies and exomologesis is this distinction, that exomologesis is performed only for the confession of sins, whereas litanies are ordained for beseeching God and procuring his mercy in some case.
But nowadays either term designates one thing, and commonly there is no distinction whether 'litanies' or exomologesis is spoken of.
Nome: 399_wolf_wolf story_wolves_falls silent
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To the situation, as in "the wolf in the story": peasants say that a person would lose his voice if he saw a wolf in front of him.
He said that once upon a time wolves persuaded shepherds whose attentiveness they wished to lull that they should meet in friendship - but with the condition that the shepherds would duly hand over their dogs, which were a cause of strife, to the wolves.
Then the wolves, since the source of their fear had been removed, tore to pieces all that were in the shepherds' herds, not only to satisfy their hunger, but also their wantonness.
Nome: 400_portico_porticus_wise people_painted
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In this portico, wise people used to philosophize, and consequently they were called Stoics, for in Greek, a portico is called oto?.
People say that Tarquinius Priscus first made these in Rome in order that, whenever there was a downpour of rain, water would pass through them out of the city so that the destructive force of water in very great and prolonged storms would not destroy the level places or foundations of the city.
Porticos (imbolus) are so named either because they are 'under the mass' (subvolumen), or because people walk (ambulare) under them, for they are the arcades found here and there along the boulevards.
Nome: 401_ignoble ignobilis_ignobilis_lowborn_ignotus
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And it is called ignominy (ignominium) as if it were the term for being sine nomine ("without reputation"), just as ignorant (ignarus) is without knowledge, and ignoble (ignobilis) is without nobilitas ("nobility").
Ignoble (ignobilis), because such a one is low-born (ignotus) and base (vilis) and of an obscure family, whose very name is not known.
Unexpected (improvisus), so called because one is suddenly present, and not 'seen far before' (porro ante visus).
Nome: 402_eyelids_eyelids cilium_eyes oculus_eyebrows
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Eyes (oculus) are so called, either because the membranes of the eyelids cover (occulere) them so as to protect them from the harm of any chance injury, or because they possess a 'hidden light' (occultum lumen), that is, one that is hidden or situated within.
At the tips of the eyelids, where they touch each other when closed, the hairs growing in an orderly row stand out and serve to protect the eyes, so that they may not easily sustain injury from objects falling into the eye and be hurt, and so as to prevent contact with dust or with some coarser material; by blinking they also soften the impact of the air itself, and thus they cause vision to be precise and clear.
The eyebrows (supercilium) are so called, because they are 'placed above' (superponere) the eyelids (cilium); they are furnished with hairs so that they may extend as a protection for the eyes and repel the sweat that flows down from the head.
Nome: 403_pavor_strikes heart_22tv cast_actually hatecharm
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Thus they also call her blind, because she bears down upon people at random, without any consideration of merits, and comes to both good people and bad.
Alarmed (pavidus) is one whom agitation of mind disturbs; such a one has a strong beating of the heart, a moving of the heart - for to quake (pavere) is to beat, whence also the term pavimentum (beaten floor; cf. pavire, "ram down").
Magicians think that its name was assigned because it is said to calm and restrain passions and rages of the soul, if we may believe it (cf. ?
Nome: 404_mud limus_bedbug_lenis_cimex
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. Slugs (limax) are mud vermin, so named because they are generated either in mud (limus) or from mud; hence they are always regarded as filthy and unclean.
The mastic (lentiscus) is so called because its spike is pliant (lentus) and soft, since we call whatever is flexible lentus - whence osiers and vines are also lentus.
The file (lima) is so named because it makes things smooth (lenis), for mud (limus) is smooth.
Nome: 405_algor_algor water_alligare_alligare ones
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The medlar (mespila) tree is thorny, with fruit like apples but a little smaller, and so called because its fruit has the shape of a 'little ball' (pilula).
There are two kinds of mandrake: the female, with leaves like lettuce's, producing fruit similar to plums, and the male, with leaves like the beet's.
Thus it received its name, from the coldness (algor) of water - or, because it binds (alligare) one's feet, because it is thick, with its leaves partly rising above the water.
Nome: 406_mensa_table mensa_discus_table
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Napkins (mappa) belong to the banquet and the 'serving' (apponere) of feasts, as if the word were manupa, and they are named on this account.
Food (cibus) is so called because it is taken (capere) in the mouth, just as foodstuff (esca) because the 'mouth takes' (os capit) it.
Afterwards it was called discus because it 'gives food' (dare escas), that is, it serves it - from this also is 'those reclining at table' (discumbentes) - or else it is from the word 6(c)omtv (i.e. 6tom?±v, "throw"), that is, from the thing they throw (i.e. 6(c)omoç, "discus").
Nome: 407_toga_trabea_togas_scipio
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Moreover, those triumphing were clothed in the purple toga embroidered with palms, and would carry a staff (scipio) with a scepter in their hand in imitation of the victory of Scipio, although a scipio is a staff by which people support themselves.
. AGabine girding arrangement occurs when the toga is put on so that the edge which is flung back over the shoulder is drawn up to the chest in such a way that the decorations hang on either side from the shoulder, as the pagan priests used to wear them, or as the praetors used to be girded.
The trabea is so named because it may elevate (transbeare)a person into greater glory, that is, it may make a person further blessed for the future with a greater rank of honor.